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Table of contents
CHAPTER I: Humic Nano-Colloids “General Context”
Ι.1 HUMIC SUBSTANCES
Ι.1-1 Definitions and Terminologies
Ι.1-2 Classification of Humic Substances
Ι.1-2-1 Humic Acid
Ι.1-2-2 Fulvic Acid
Ι.1-2-3 Humin
Ι.1-2-4 Comparison of Humic Substance Fractions (Humic Acid, Fulvic Acid and Humin)
Ι.2 HUMIC SUBSTANCE GENESIS
I.2-1 Lignin-Protein Theory (Biological or Degradative Concept)
I.2-2 The Poly-Phenol Theory (Biological Processes Followed by Chemical Reaction “Abiotic” or Synthetic Concept)
I.2-3 Sugar-Amine Theory “Maillard Reaction” (Biological Processes Followed by Chemical Reaction “Abiotic” or Synthetic Concept)
Ι.3 ISOLATION/EXTRACTION AND FRACTIONATION
I.3-1 Isolation
Ι.3-2 Drawback of Isolation Processes
Ι.4 CHARACTERIZATION: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
I.4-1 Elemental Analyses
I.4-2 Functional Group Composition
I.4-3 Optical Properties
I.4-3-1 UV/Vis Spectrophotometry
I.4-3-2 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
I.4-4 Molecular Conformation (Size and shape) and Molecular Weight
I.4-5 Structural Organization of Humic Substances
I.4-5-1 Humic Substances as Polymers (Macromolecule)
I.4-5-2 Humic Substances Membrane-Like Micelles
I.4-5-3 Humic Substances as Supramolecular Associations
I.5 MODELING REPRESENTATION OF HUMIC SUBSTANCE
Ι.6 ROLES OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES
I.7 SURFACTANTS
І.7-1 Definition and Classification
І.7-2 Applications
І.7-3 Interaction between Surfactants-Polymers and Surfactants-Humic Substances
CHAPTER II: Materials and Experimental Methods
ІІ.1 MATERIALS
ІІ.1-1 Humic Substances and Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM)
ІІ.1-2 Surfactants
ІІ.2 PREPARATION OF HS/SURFACTANT COMPLEXES
ІІ.3 METHODS OF CHARACTERIZATION
ІІ.3-1 Turbidity
ІІ.3-2 Dynamic Light Scattering
ІІ.3-3 Surface Tension
ІІ.3-4 Electrophoretic Mobility and Zeta Potential
ІІ.3-5 Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM)
ІІ.3-5-1 Sample Preparation for Cryo-TEM Observation
ІІ.3-5-2 Cryo-TEM Imaging Procedure
ІІ.3-6 Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS)
ІІ.3-7 Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrophotometer
ІІ.3-8 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
CHAPTER III: Spontaneous Vesicles in the Suwannee River Fulvic Acid/DTAC System: Implications for the Supramolecular Organization of Humic Substances
III.1 PREFACE
III.2 PROBING THE ORGANIZATION OF FULVIC ACID USING A
III.2-1 Abstract
III.2-2 Introduction
III.2-3 Experimental Section
III.2-3-1 Materials
III.2-3-2 Sample Preparation
III.2-3-3 Characterization of SRFA/DTAC Complexes
III.2-4 Results
III.2-4-1 Turbidity Measurements
III.2-4-2 Electrophoretic Mobility, DLS and Surface Tension Measurements.
III.2-4-3 Cryo-TEM Observations
III.2-5 Discussion
III.2-5-1 Self-assemblies of Fulvic Acid and DTAC
III.2-5-2 Towards Average Geometric Characteristics of SRFA Constituents
III.2-6 Conclusions
