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Table of contents
Chapter (1) Informality of micro and small enterprises in Egypt: A cross-section analysis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The characteristics of Micro and Small enterprises in Egypt
3. Literature review and hypotheses
4. Data and summary statistics
5. Methodology
6. Empirical results and discussion
6.1 Informality and productivity of M/SEs
6.2 External source of finance and tax formalities
7. Conclusion
References
Appendices
Chapter (2) Informal competition, firms’ productivity and policy reforms in Egypt
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Stylized facts on the Egyptian economy and its informal sector
3. Literature review and hypotheses
4. Model and data
4.1 Measuring formal firms’ productivity
4.2 Measuring informal competition
5. Results and discussion
5.1 Baseline results – The impact of regional informal competition on formal firms’ productivity in Egypt
5.2 Solving endogeneity and omitted variable bias – Instrumental variable approach and IRIC dynamic effect
5.2.1 Instrumental variable approach – The 2012 presidential elections’ voter turnout
5.2.2 IRIC dynamic effect
5.3 Difference-in-difference – Informal competition and the 2005 new tax law
6. Conclusion
References
Appendices
Chapter (3) Informal Competition and productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature review and hypotheses
2.1 Relationship between formal firms, informal firms and economic development
2.2 Entrepreneurial capacity of the informal sector
2.3 Transmission channels
3. Data and stylised facts
3.1 Measuring formal firms’ productivity
3.2 Measuring informal firms’ competition intensity
4. Methodology and results
4.1 Endogenous switching regression model – Determining the productivity gap
4.2 OLS estimation – Determining the impact of informal firms’ competition on formal firms productivity
4.3 Instrumental variable approach – Robustness check to the positive effect of informal firms’ competition
5. Conclusion
References
