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Table of contents
I Comets: small icy bodies of the Solar System
1 From naked-eye observation to in situ
1.1 Observations through the ages
1.2 Origin of comets and their importance
1.3 Interest of the cometary science
1.4 Comet types and classification
1.5 Structure
1.5.1 Nucleus
1.5.2 Coma
1.5.3 Tails
1.6 Observations before Rosetta
2 Our vision of the coma and the nucleus
2.1 Coma
2.1.1 Chemical composition of the coma
2.1.2 Photo-reactions and chemical reactions
2.1.3 Models of gas expansion in the coma
2.2 Cometary nucleus
2.2.1 Model of the internal structure
2.2.2 Heat diffusion and physical processes
3 The Rosetta mission (2014-2016)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
3.3 On-board instruments
3.4 Trajectory
3.5 Overview of the main scientific results
II Description of the experiment and data analysis
4 The ROSINA experiment
4.1 General presentation
4.2 Science objectives and performance
4.3 Mass spectrometry
4.3.1 Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
4.4 Description of the ROSINA instruments
4.4.1 The Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer
4.4.2 The COmet Pressure Sensor
4.5 The Reflectron-type Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometer
4.5.1 Instrument description
4.5.2 Principle
4.5.3 Operating modes
4.5.4 In flight performance limitations
5 Data analysis of RTOF spectra
5.1 RTOF raw spectra
5.1.1 Acquisition
5.1.2 ADC Correction
5.1.3 Baseline
5.1.4 Electronic noise and other non desirable peaks
5.2 RTOF L3 spectra
5.2.1 Mass calibration
5.2.2 Abundance of volatiles
5.3 Conversion to volatiles density
5.3.1 Fragmentation
5.3.2 Sensitivity
5.3.3 COPS calibration
III The heterogeneous coma of 67P/C-G seen by ROSINA
6 Description of the datasets
6.1 Orbitography parameters
6.1.1 Sub-spacecraft point coordinates
6.1.2 67P/C-G’s orbit
6.1.3 Spacecraft to comet distance
6.1.4 Nadir off-pointing
6.2 RTOF dataset
7 Global dynamics of the main volatiles
7.1 Dependence on the comet-spacecraft distance
7.2 Diurnal variation
7.3 Evolution of the activity with the heliocentric distance
7.3.1 Global pattern
7.3.2 Deriving the outgassing rate
7.4 Seasonal variations
7.4.1 Approach
7.4.2 Pre-equinox 1
7.4.3 Pre-equinox 2
7.4.4 Post-equinox 2
7.4.5 End of mission
7.5 Evolution of density ratios
8 Spatial variation of the main volatiles
8.1 The geographical coordinate system
8.2 Illumination model
8.3 Density maps through the mission
8.3.1 Description of the maps
8.3.2 Analysis of the density maps
8.3.3 Interpretation of the observations
8.3.4 Difference between the two lobes
8.4 Detection of molecular oxygen
8.4.1 Method
8.4.2 Analysis
9 Comparison with DFMS
9.1 Cross correlation RTOF vs DFMS
9.2 DFMS density maps
10 Comparison with a numerical model of the coma
10.1 DSMC model
10.2 Comparison with RTOF density
10.3 Global comparison between ROSINA and the DSMC model
IV Simulating the nucleus to constrain properties
11 The thermo-physical model
11.1 Description of the model
11.1.1 Description of the algorithm
11.2 Previous studies
11.3 Application of the model
11.3.1 Orbital parameters
11.3.2 Physical parameters
11.3.3 Computed locations and description of the cases
12 Analysis of the nucleus model results
12.1 Evolution of the surface and interior’s temperature
12.2 Evolution of the stratification
12.3 Evolution of the fluxes
12.4 Effect of the dust layer and of the trapping conditions
12.4.1 Impact of the initial dust mantle thickness
12.4.2 Effect of the trapped CO on the averaged fluxes
12.5 Analysis of the production rate
13 Comparison with fluxes derived from RTOF
13.1 Global comparison with RTOF
13.1.1 Deriving surface production rates from RTOF
13.1.2 Comparison with RTOF global production rates
13.2 Comparison of the flux geographical maps
13.2.1 Visualisation and Interpolation
13.2.2 Analysis of the model maps
13.2.3 Comparison with the RTOF spatial variation
13.3 Discussion and perspectives
Conclusion and perspectives (English version)
Conclusion et perspectives (french version)
