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Table of contents
From a dream of a child to a scientific reality
Chapter I: Introduction
I.1. Chemical evolution
I.2. Interstellar medium (ISM)
I.3. Formation of stars and planets
I.4. Interstellar chemistry
I.4.1. Gas phase reactions
I.4.2. Grain surface reactions
I.5. Thesis planning and description
Bibliography
Chapter II: Experimental section
II.1. Laboratory studies
II.2. Infrared spectrometry
II.2.1. Vibrations, absorbance, interferogram, fourier transformation
II.2.2. Molecular vibrations
II.2.3. Infrared absorption
II.2.4. Infrared Fourier spectrometry (FTIR)
II.2.5. Advantages of Fourier transform spectroscopy
II.2.6. Calculation of absorbance spectrum of a sample
II.3. Mass spectrometry
II.3.1 Mass selection
II.3.2. Molecular fragmentation
II.4. Experimental setup
II.4.1. Pumping system
II.4.2. Cryostat
II.4.3. Sample holder
II.4.4. Sample formation system (Ramps)
II.4.5. UV source unit
II.4.6. Microwave discharge source (MWD)
II.4.7. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectrometer
II.4.8. QMS – Quadrupole mass spectrometer
II.5. Interstellar ice analog formation
II.5.1. Pure ices
II.5.2. Matrix isolation
II.6. Samples and materials: preparation and composition
II.6.1. Ramp volume and gas composition
II.6.2. Thickness of the ices
II.6.3. Chemicals used
Bibliography
Chapter III: Photochemistry of NH3-H2O ice
III.1. Earlier studies and motivation
III.2. NH3 photolysis in diluted phase
III.2.1. Sample formation and photolysis
III.3. Photolysis in concentrated phase of NH3 ice
III.4. Photolysis in concentrated phase of NH3-H2O ice
III.5. Formation of NH2OH from thermal processing of irradiated NH3-H2O ices
III.5.1. NH2OH formation pathways
III.6 From diluted (NH3-Ne-H2O) to concentrated phase (NH3-H2O ice)
III.7. NH and NH2 radical formation: photochemistry of NH3 versus N/N2+H/H2 radical addition reactions
III.7.1. Determining the optimal N2/H2 ratio for formation of nitrogen hydrates
III.7.2. Influence of water molecules on N/N2+H/H2 radical addition reactions
III.8. Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter IV: Behavior of NH2OH in interstellar ice analogs
IV.1. Earlier studies and motivation
IV.2. Sample preparation: evaporation of NH2OH from the [NH2OH]3[H3PO4] salt
IV.3. NH2OH-H2O matrix isolation
IV.4. Formation of NH2OH-H2O ice
IV.4.1. Ice formation through a direct NH2OH-H2O deposition
IV.4.2. Ice formation from matrix isolated NH2OH-H2O
IV.5. Thermal processing of NH2OH-H2O interstellar ice analog
IV.6. Analysis of NH2OH thermal transformation in H2O ice
IV.7. Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter V: Photochemistry of CH4-H2O ice
V.1. Earlier studies and motivation
V.2. Sample formation and identification of photoproducts
V.3. Photolysis of methane-water ice
V.3.1. Photolysis of methane-water ice: effect of water concentrations
V.4. Thermal processing of irradiated water-methane ices
V.4.1. Thermal processing of irradiated water-methane ices: alcohol identification
V.4.2. Alcohol identification: from solid to gas phase
V.5. Formation pathways of alcohols
V.6. Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter VI: Formation of large alcohols under ISM conditions: Photolysis vs hydrogenation
VI.1. Earlier studies and motivation
VI.2. Sample formation
VI.3. Hydrogen addition reactions of unsaturated alcohols
VI.3.1. Hydrogenation of allyl alcohol (H2C=CHCH2OH):
VI.3.2. Hydrogenation of propargyl alcohol (HC≡CCH2OH)
VI.4. H addition reactions of unsaturated aldehydes
VI.4.1. Hydrogenation of propanal (CH3CH2CHO)
VI.4.2. Hydrogenation of propenal (H2C=CHCHO)
VI.4.3. Hydrogenation of propynal (HC≡CCHO)
VI.5. Transformation pathways
VI.6. Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter VII: Photochemistry of CH4-NH3-H2O ice
VII.1. Earlier studies and motivation
VII.2. Sample formation and addition of water
VII.3. Identification of photolysis products in irradiated CH4-NH3-H2O ices
VII.4. Heating
VII.5. Transformation pathways
VII.6. Conclusions
Bibliography
