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Table of contents
Chapter I. Introduction & context
1. Pesticides in the environment
1.1. Impact and diversity
1.2. Environmental distribution of pesticides
2. Pesticide transport from agro-ecosystems to surface waters
2.1. Agro-ecosystems, definition and specificity
2.2. Pesticide transport and attenuation from agricultural sources to sinks
2.2.1 Processes affecting pesticides amount at the source area (Asource)
2.2.2 Processes affecting pesticide transport in agro-ecosystems (Aactive and Aconnected)
2.2.3 Relevance of combining emerging analytical tools for assessing pesticide degradation
2.2.4 Usefulness and complementarity of modelling following a characterisation phase
3. Relevance of headwater catchments for pesticide transport in surface water
3.1. Definition and role of headwater catchments in downstream water quality
3.2. Importance of combining plot- and catchment-scale observations
3.3. Models for predicting pesticide transport in headwater catchments
Chapter II. Research focus and objectives
1. Research focus
2. Thesis objectives
3. Thesis layout
4. References
Chapter III. Fungicides drift and mobilisation via runoff and erosion in vineyard
Section 1. Kresoxim methyl deposition, drift and runoff in a vineyard catchment
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Material and methods
3.1. Description of the vineyard catchment
3.2. KM properties and application
3.3. Sampling procedure
3.4. KM analysis
3.5. Data analysis
4. Results and discussion
4.1. KM deposition
4.2. KM drift
4.3. Runoff-associated KM
5. Conclusion
6. References
Section 2. Fungicides transport in runoff from vineyard plot and catchment: contribution of non-target areas
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Material and methods
3.1. Chemicals
3.2. Description of the vineyard catchment
3.3. Description of the experimental plot
3.4. Pesticide applications and soil deposition
3.5. Runoff discharge measurement and water sampling procedure
3.6. Soil sampling and characterization
3.7. Chemical analysis
3.8. Data analysis and calculation
4. Results
4.1. Hydrology
4.2. Hydrochemistry
4.3. Deposition of KM and CY on soil
4.4. KM and CY mobilisation in the runoff dissolved phase (< 0.7 μm)
4.5. Partitioning of KM and CY in runoff
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion
7. References
Chapter IV. Herbicides transport and attenuation via runoff and erosion in arable crop catchment
Section 1. Transport and attenuation of chloroacetanilides in an agricultural headwater catchment
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Material and methods
3.1. Description of the study site
3.2. Herbicides characteristics and applications
3.3. Hydrological measurements and sampling procedure
3.4. Hydrochemical and soil analysis
3.5. Chloroacetanilide analysis
3.5.1 Chemicals
3.5.2 Extraction
3.5.3 Quantification of the chloroacetanilides and their degradation products
3.5.4 Enantiomer analysis of S-metolachlor
3.5.5 Data analysis
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Chloroacetanilide attenuation in the plot soil
4.2. Influence of hydrology and hydrochemistry on chloroacetanilide export and partitioning
4.2.1 Hydrochemical and chloroacetanilide load variations
4.2.2 Chloroacetanilide partitioning
4.3. ESA and OXA degradation products dynamics
4.4. S-metolachlor enantiomeric signatures as indicator of in-situ degradation
5. Conclusion
6. Acknowledgement
7. References
Chapter V. Modelling pesticide runoff at the headwater catchment scale
Section 1. Agronomical insights for improving runoff prediction in headwater agricultural catchments
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Material and methods
3.1. Model description
3.2. Continuous agronomical model: IDR
3.3. Study case
3.3.1 Description of the study site
3.3.2 Hydrological procedure and experimental results
3.3.3 Erosion characterisation
3.4. Input parameters
3.5. Calibration strategy
3.6. Model calibration and sensitivity analysis
3.7. Evaluation criteria and data analysis
4. Results
4.1. Basic calibration method (BCM)
4.2. Constraint calibration method (CCM)
4.3. Sensitivity analysis of input parameters
4.4. Erosion characterisation and prediction: focus on May 21
5. Discussion and conclusion
6. Acknowledgements
7. References
Section 2. A comprehensive mathematical model for mobilisation and transport of dissolved pesticide from the soil surface to runoff: the mixing layer approach.
1. Introduction
2. Mathematical theory and approach
2.1. Openlisem
2.2. Mixing model
2.3. Numerical resolution with operator splitting (LISEM-psni)
2.4. Pseudo-analytical resolution (LISEM-pa)
2.5. Mass balance errors calculations
2.6. Case study scenarios
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Steady test case
3.2. Dynamic test case: an experimental plot
3.3. A study case in an agricultural headwater catchment: Alteckendorf
4. Conclusion
5. Acknowledgement
6. References
Chapter VI. General conclusions and perspectives
1. Summary and conclusion
1.1. The spatial variability of pesticides deposition during application impacts pesticide runoff
1.2. Combining plot and catchment scales observations is critical for assessing off-site exports of pesticides
1.3. Predicting pesticide transport processes in the agricultural catchments
1.4. Pesticides partitioning is crucial for pesticide export under field condition
1.5. Combining analytical approaches helps the evaluation of pesticide degradation within agricultural headwater catchment
2. Implications and perspectives
2.1. How to address the variability of pesticides deposition during application in pesticides runoff studies?
2.2. How to improve the evaluation the pesticides partitioning in runoff water?
2.3. How to evaluate the degradation of chiral pesticides under field conditions?
3. References
