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Table of contents
CHAPTER 1 Posing a Problem: Neoplasm Formation and Optical Diagnosis
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic Concepts of Light Propagation into a Biological Medium
1.2.1 Reflection
1.2.2 Absorption
1.2.3 Scattering
1.2.4 Fluorescence
1.3 Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis
1.3.1 Structure of the Urinary Bladder Wall
1.3.1.1 Mucous
1.3.1.2 Submucous
1.3.1.3 Muscular Layer
1.3.2 Neoplasm Formation
1.4 Optical Diagnostic Methods
1.4.1 Photodynamic Diagnosis
1.4.2 Optical Coherent Tomography
1.4.3 Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging
1.4.4 Diffuse-Reflectance Imaging and Spectroscopy
1.5 Conclusion and Problem Formation
CHAPTER 2 Experimental Investigation of Diffuse-Reflected Light
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sensitivity Tests of the Diffuse-Reflectance Imaging Method
2.2.1 Experimental Construction
2.2.2 Three-Layered Phantoms Construction
2.2.3 Image Processing
2.2.3.1 Image Subtraction
2.2.3.2 Three-Dimensional Diagrams
2.2.3.3 Area Measuring
2.2.4 Discussion
2.3 Five States of Urinary Bladder Epithelium
2.3.1 Phantom Construction
2.3.2 Acquired Images
2.3.3 Results and Discussion
2.4 Surface Fluorescence Signal Detection
2.4.1 Preparation of Experimental Studies
2.4.1.1 Clinical Measurements of Photosensitizer concentrations
2.4.1.2 Results
2.4.2 Phantom and Experimental Construction
2.4.3 Results and Discussion
2.4.3.1 Fluorescence Signals
2.4.3.2 Back-Scattered Laser Signals
2.5 Conclusion
CHAPTER 3 Calculation of Optical Scattering Parameters of Bladder Tissues and Tissue-Like Phantoms
3.1 Light Scattering in Biological Tissues
3.2. Small Scatterers and Mitochondrial Contribution to Light Scattering in Bladder Epithelium
3.2.1 Golgi Apparatus and Lysosomes
3.2.2 Mitochondria
3.3 Electromagnetic Wave Theory
3.4 Optical Scattering and Absorption Parameters of Biological Tissues
3.5 Mie Calculations of Optical Parameters of Bladder Tissues and Phantoms
3.5.1 Mie Scattering by Spherical Particles
3.5.1.1 Modelling of Light Propagation into a Three-Layered Medium with Diffusing Particles
3.5.1.2 Calculation Results:Input Parameters for Monte Carlo Modelling
3.5.2 Scattering by Nucleated Cells Modelled as “Coated” Spheres
3.5.2.1 Scattering Amplitudes
3.5.2.2 Definition of Input Optical Parameters for Mie Calculations
3.5.2.3 Output Scattering and Absorption Parameters from Mie Calculations
3.6 Conclusion
CHAPTER 4 Monte Carlo Modelling of Light Propagation into Three-Layered Tissues and Tissue Phantoms
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Light Transport Theory
4.3 Monte Carlo Simulation Flowchart and Random Variables
4.4 Simulation Results
4.4.1 Sensitivity Tests of the Imaging Method of Surface Diffuse-Reflected Light Distribution
4.4.2 Five States of the Urothelium
4.5 Conclusion
CHAPTER 5 Clinical Studies and Mathematical Estimations of Multi-Wavelengths Light Excitation Mode
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Diffuse-Reflected Light Detection on Tissue Surface
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.4 Multi-Wavelength Mathematical Study
5.5 Conclusion
CHAPTER 6 Perspectives and Conclusion
6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Special Features of the Diffuse-Reflectance Light Diagnosis and Possible Problems
6.3 Future Prospects
