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Table of contents
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
I-1 TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
I-1.1 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
I-1.2 MULTI-CRITERION MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION
I-1.3 FOUR STAGE BACTERIAL DECOMPOSITION OF MSW
I-1.4 EFFECTS OF DEGRADATION ON BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MSW
I-1.4.1 Composition
I-1.4.2 Temperature & pH
I-1.4.3 Leachate
I-1.4.4 Biogas
I-2 LANDFILLS
I-2.1 LANDFILL CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
I-2.1.1 Waste Compaction and Pre-Consolidation
I-2.1.2 Bottom Lining System
I-2.1.3 Cover System (Cap Liner),Different types of cover systems
I-2.2 POST-CONSTRUCTION BEHAVIOUR
I-3 WASTE TREATMENT MODES RELATED TO LANDFILLING
I-3.1 MECHANICAL BIOLOGICAL PRE-TREATMENT (MBP)
I-3.1.1 Control of Waste Input and Pre-treatment before Disposal
I-3.1.2 Potential Advantages of MBP
I-3.2 IN SITU AEROBIC TREATMENT
I-3.2.1 Fundamentals and Objectives of Aerobic Stabilisation
I-3 .2.1.1 Low Pressure Aeration
I-3 .2.1.2 Over Suction Method
I-3.2.2 Processes and Effects of Aerobic Stabilisation
I-3 .2.2.1 Effects on the Water Path
I-3 .2.2.2 Effects on the Gas Path
I-3.2.3 Future Applications of Aerobisation
I-3 .2.3.1 Processes
I-3 .2.3.2 Stabilisation Criteria
I-3 .2.3.3 GHG Emissions and CO2 Emission Trading
I-3.3 BIOREACTOR LANDFILLS
I-3.3.1 Anaerobic Bioreactor Landfill
I-3.3.2 Hybrid (Aerobic-Anaerobic) Bioreactor Landfill
I-3.3.3 Potential Advantages of the Bioreactor Landfill
I-4 STATUS OF MSW MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN
I-4.1 DISPOSAL TREND IN PAKISTAN
I-4.2 MSW COMPOSITION IN PAKISTAN
I-4.3 CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY
CHAPTER II PHYSICAL MECHANICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
II-1 PRESENTATION OF THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MEDIUM
II-2 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
II – 2.1 LEACHATE
II- 2.1.1 Liquid Density
II- 2.1.2 Dynamic Viscosity
II – 2.2 BIOGAS
II- 2.2.1 Gas Density
II- 2.2.2 Dynamic Viscosity
II – 2.3 SOLIDS DENSITY
II-3 STATE PARAMETERS
II – 3.1 DEFINITIONS OF VARIOUS DENSITIES ASSOCIATED WITH MSW
II – 3.2 DEFINITIONS OF MOISTURE CONTENT IN REFERENCE WITH THE WASTE MASS
Moisture Content at Field Capacity
II – 3.3 DEFINITION OF POROSITY AND CORRESPONDING VOLUMETRIC CONTENT PARAMETERS
II- 3.3.1 Total Porosity
II- 3.3.2 Volumetric Liquid Content
II- 3.3.3 Volumetric Gas Content
II- 3.3.4 Degree of Saturation
II- 3.3.5 Interrelation of the State Parameters
II-4 MECHANICAL PARAMETERS
II – 4.1 SETTLEMENT
II – 4.2 SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS
II-5 FLUID TRANSPORT PARAMETERS
II – 5.1 DEFINITION OF FLUID TRANSPORT PARAMETERS
II- 5.1.1 Darcy‟s Law for Saturated and Unsaturated Conditions
II- 5.1.2 Intrinsic Permeability (at Saturation)
II- 5.1.3 Fluid Permeability (Unsaturated State)
II – 5.2 PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON FLUID TRANSPORT PARAMETERS
II- 5.2.1 Permeability/Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements
II- 5.2.2 Effects of Degradation on Physical Parameters of MSW
II- 5.2.3 Anisotropy of Permeability in Relation with MSW
II – 5.3 FLOW MODELS FOR SATURATED AND UNSATURATED POROUS MEDIA
II- 5.3.1 Laws of Intrinsic Permeability
II – 5.3.1.1 Carman-Kozeny Model
II – 5.3.1.2 Application of Carman-Kozeny‟s Model to the Gas Permeability
II- 5.3.2 Relative Permeability Models
II- 5.3.3 Application of Permeability Models to MSW Landfills
II-6 OEDOPERMEAMETER, HYDRO-MECHANICAL PARAMETERS’ MEASUREMENT AND THE PRINCIPLE APPLIED
II – 6.1 APPARATUS DESCRIPTION
II- 6.1.1 Complimentary Equipment
II- 6.1.2 Sample Preparation
II – 6.2 PHYSICAL AND STATE PARAMETERS
II- 6.2.1 Volumetric Moisture Content
II- 6.2.2 Gas Porosity Measurement through Pycnometer (gas saturation)
II- 6.2.3 Total Porosity Measurement
II- 6.2.4 Conclusions on Total Porosity Measurement
II – 6.3 GAS PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT
II- 6.3.1 Permanent Flow Method
II- 6.3.2 Transitory Flow Method
II – 6.4 PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT WITH WATER AT SATURATED CONDITION
II- 6.4.1 At Constant Head
II- 6.4.2 At Variable Head with Back Pressure
II- 6.4.3 Head Losses within the Apparatus
CHAPTER III GAS – PERMEABILITY TESTS IN OEDOPERMEAMETER
III-1 LABORATORY SCALE PERMEABILITY ANALYSES
III – 1.1 TESTS PROGRAM FOR A FRESH WASTE
III – 1.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION
III – 1.3 ANALYSIS OF COMPRESSIBILITY
III – 1.4 DETERMINATION OF CONSTITUTIVE SOLID DENSITY
III- 1.4.1 Average Solid Density
III- 1.4.2 Determination of Solid Density from the Waste Composition
III – 1.5 ANALYSIS OF EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT
Leachate Drainage under Compression
III – 1.6 ANALYSIS OF GAS PERMEABILITY TESTS
III – 1.7 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT HYDROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
III-2 TEST PROGRAM FOR AN OLD WASTE
III – 2.1 PRESENTATION OF THE CELLS
III- 2.1.1 Experimental Variations
III- 2.1.1.1 Conventional Waste Cell “C2”
III – 2.1.1.2 Bioreactor Waste Cell “C1”
III – 2.1.1.3 Pre-treated Waste Cells “C3 & C4”
III- 2.1.2 Municipal Solid Waste under Study
III – 2.1.2.1 Un-treated Waste
III – 2.1.2.2 Mechanical Treatment
III – 2.1.2.3 Biological Treatment (C3 & C4)
III-2.1.2.4 Sample Retrieval at the end of Test Period
III – 2.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION
III – 2.3 ANALYSIS OF COMPRESSIBILITY
Determination of Coefficient of Primary Compression
III-2.4 COMPARISON OF THE IN-SITU DENSITY WITH THE DENSITY ATTAINED IN OEDOPERMEAMETER
Influence of the Initial Moisture Content and Waste Treatment on the Dry Density
III-2.5 ANALYSIS OF EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT
Leachate Drainage under Compression
III-2.6 ANALYSIS OF GAS PERMEABILITY TESTS
III-2.7 COMPARISON OF HYDRO-MECHANICAL PARAMETERS DETERMINED THROUGH OEDOPERMEAMETER
III-2.7.1 Coefficient of Primary Compression C*R
III-2.7.2 Comparison of Solids Density ρS
III-2.7.3 Comparison of Gas Permeability θG
CHAPTER IV APPLICATION OF DOUBLE POROSITY MODEL TO LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
IV-1 MODEL OF DOUBLE POROSITY
IV – 1.1 OTHER MODELS AVAILABLE IN THE LITERATURE
IV- 1.1.1 Tracer Tests, Beaven et al. (2003)
IV- 1.1.2 Water Saturation Experiments, Capelo et al. (2007)
IV – 1.2 DEFINITION OF THE STATE PARAMETERS FOR THE DOUBLE POROSITY MODEL
IV- 1.2.1 Waste Structure
IV- 1.2.2 Properties of Micro Porosity
IV- 1.2.3 Properties of the Macro Porosity
IV – 1.3 DEFINITION OF THE STATE PARAMETERS OF MACRO AND MICRO POROSITY
IV- 1.3.1 Fundamental Parameters
IV- 1.3.2 Moisture Contents – Porosities – Degrees of Saturation
IV- 1.3.3 Relation between the Physical State Parameters
IV- 1.3.4 Determination of the Residual Degree of Saturation SrL
IV- 1.3.5 Gas Permeability
IV-2 INTERPRETATION OF MEASUREMENTS OF GAS PERMEABILITY
IV – 2.1 DETERMINATION OF THE PARAMETER „WMICRO‟
IV- 2.1.1 From the Composition of the Waste
IV- 2.1.2 From all the Measurements of Gas Permeability
IV – 2.2 APPLICATION OF DOUBLE POROSITY MODEL TO THE GAS PERMEABILITY TESTS
IV – 2.3 GAS PERMEABILITY MODELLING
Power Law
IV – 2.4 INTRINSIC PERMEABILITY MODELLING
Carman – kozeny law:
Power Law:
IV – 2.5 RELATIVE GAS PERMEABILITY MODELLING
IV – 2.6 CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE MODEL OF DOUBLE POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY MODELLING
CHAPTER V MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SETTLEMENT BEHAVIOUR
V-1 STAGES OF SETTLEMENT
V – 1.1 SETTLEMENT RATES
V – 1.2 SETTLEMENT ANALYSES AVAILABLE IN LITERATURE
V- 1.2.1 Compressibility & Stiffness
V- 1.2.2 Study of Settlement Data of MSW
V- 1.2.3 In-situ Experimentation of Vertical Deformation
V-2 PREDICTION AND MODELLING OF SETTLEMENT
V – 2.1 IMPORTANCE OF SETTLEMENT MONITORING
V – 2.2 LOGARITHMIC LAWS IN SOIL MECHANICS
V- 2.2.1 Primary Settlement
V- 2.2.2 Secondary Settlement
V – 2.3 MODELLING LANDFILL SETTLEMENT
V- 2.3.1 Complex Settlement Models for Landfills
V- 2.3.2 Sowers Model (1973) and its Variations
V-3 INCREMENTAL SETTLEMENT PREDICTION MODEL (ISPM)
V – 3.1 CONCEPTION OF A NEW MODEL (LTHE)
V – 3.2 SPECIFIC DEFINITIONS OF ISPM MODEL
V- 3.2.1 Elementary Layer of Waste
V- 3.2.2 Waste Column
V- 3.2.3 Time and Sequences of Construction of Waste Column
V- 3.2.4 Settlement
V- 3.2.5 Deformation
V – 3.3 ASSUMPTIONS OF ISPM MODEL
V- 3.3.1 Geometry of Storage
V- 3.3.2 Waste Material
V- 3.3.3 Compaction
V- 3.3.4 Soil and Cover Liner
V – 3.4 FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF ISPM MODEL FOR AN ELEMENTARY LAYER I
V- 3.4.1 Primary Settlement
V- 3.4.2 Secondary Settlement
V – 3.5 GENERAL FORMULATION OF MODEL ISPM: MODELLING OF SURFACE SETTLEMENT
V- 3.5.1 Expression of the Primary Settlement of a Waste Column
V- 3.5.2 Secondary Settlement Expression for a Column of Waste
V- 3.5.3 Scheme of Construction
V- 3.5.4 Case of Constant Lift Rate for Waste Column Construction
V-4 APPLICATION OF THE MODEL FOR A DIRECT EVALUATION OF SETTLEMENT
V – 4.1 DEFINITION OF THE SURFACE SETTLEMENT
V – 4.2 INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS OF THE STUDY
V- 4.2.1 Influence of Waste Column Height
V- 4.2.2 Influence of Column Height for a Constant Lift Rate
V- 4.2.3 Influence of Time of Waste Column Construction
V- 4.2.4 Influence of c (origin of time for secondary compression)
V-5 APPLICATION OF ISPM MODEL BY BACK ANALYSIS FOR AN EVALUATION OF C*
V – 5.1 CASE STUDY OF DIFFERENT SITES FOR LINEAR CONSTRUCTION
V – 5.2 ISPM APPLICATION ON 2 PHASES CONSTRUCTION FOR THE EVALUATION OF CR AND C*213
V- 5.2.1 ISPM Settlement Modelling for a 2 Phase Construction (Cell „B‟-Chatuzange
V- 5.2.2 ISPM Settlement Modelling for a 2 Phase Construction (Cell „C‟-Chatuzange
V-6 COMPARISON OF ISPM MODEL WITH THE SOWERS MODEL
V – 6.1 ASSESSMENT OF THE COEFFICIENT OF SECONDARY COMPRESSION (C)SOWERS FOR CONSTANT (C)ISPM
V- 6.1.1 Influence of Time of Construction (tc) (Cases A1 & A2)
V- 6.1.2 Influence of Waste Column Height (Cases A2 and B1)
V- 6.1.3 Influence of Lift Rate (Cases B1 & B2)
V- 6.1.4 Influence of Time for Start of Settlement (t1)
V – 6.2 COMPARISON ISPM – SOWERS MODEL: SITE STUDIES
V- 6.2.1 Principle of the Back Analysis for Case Studies
V- 6.2.2 Conclusion and Perspective of Practical Application of ISPM Model
CHAPTER VI MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SHEAR STRENGTH
VI-1 SHEAR STRENGTH-APPLICATION TO SITE STABILITY
VI-1.1 ANALOGY OF SOILS‟ SHEAR STRENGTH AND MSW
VI-1.2 STABILITY ANALYSIS AVAILABLE IN LITERATURE
BISHOP Simplified Method of Stability Analysis
VI-1.3 SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS AND STABILITY ANALYSES IN LITERATURE
Gabr and Valero (1995)
Gotteland et al. (1995) Determination of mechanical properties at site: Kölsch (1995) Bearing model: Kölsch et al. (2005) Stability application to a slope failure case history:
Milanov et al. (1997) Phicometer test and back analysis of slope failure:
Eid et al. (2000) Shear strength from field and laboratory tests:
Kavazanjian et al. (1999) Shear strength envelope:
Mahler et al. (2003) Shear strength of MBP waste:
Caicedo et al. (2002 and 2007) In-Situ analysis of MSW shear strength:
VI-2 SHEAR TEST MATERIALS AND METHODS
VI-2.1 SHEAR BOX MEASUREMENTS
VI-2.2 METHODS: VARIABLE PARAMETERS
VI-2.2.1 Effect of Waste Composition
VI-2.2.2 Effect of Normal Stress
VI-2.2.3 Effect of Density
VI-2.2.4 Effect of Moisture Content
VI-2.2.5 Effect of Shear Rate
VI-3 SHEAR BEHAVIOUR OF SAMPLES RETRIEVED FROM SITES
VI-3.1 LANDFILL SITE „B‟
VI-3.1.1 Shear Tests Results and Discussion
VI-3.2 LANDFILL SITE „LM‟
VI-3.2.1 Sample Retrieval
VI-3.2.2 Drilled Samples
VI-3.2.3 Shear Tests Results and Discussion
VI-3.2.4 Excavated Samples
VI-3.2.5 Shear Tests Results and Discussion
Individual comparison of different parameters for both samples LMC and LMD:
VI-3.3 LANDFILL SITE „N‟
VI-3.3.1 Context of the Study
VI-3.3.2 Sample Retrieval through Drilling
VI-3.3.3 Determination of In-situ Unit Weight
VI-3.3.4 Drilled Samples N3
VI-3.3.5 Drilled Samples N6
VI-3.3.6 Shear Test Results and Discussion
VI-3.4 SYNTHESIS OF SHEAR STRENGTH TEST RESULTS
VI-3.5 INFLUENCE OF ANISOTROPIC BEHAVIOUR ON SLOPE STABILITY
VI-4 SPECIFIC STABILITY DESIGN FOR LANDFILL SITE ‘N’
VI-4.1 SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS – APPLICATION TO THE VERTICAL EXPANSION OF A LANDFILL SITE
VI-4.2 PARAMETERS OF STABILITY
VI-4.2.1 Shear Strength Parameters
VI-4.2.2 Calculation of Factor of Safety
VI-4.3 SUMMARY OF RESULTS
VI-4.4 STABILITY DESIGN DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
NOMENCLATUR
