Nature of the ores

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Table of contents

INTRODUCTION
I. CHAPTER I STATE OF THE ART
I.1 PRESENTATION OF THE NIMH BATTERY
I.1.1 A historical overview of the energy sector
I.1.2 The battery devices, from performance to market
I.1.3 The NiMH technology
I.2 MINING AND RECYCLING OF METALS
I.2.1 Raw materials criticality
I.2.2 Challenges for transition metals: the case of cobalt
I.2.3 Rare Earth Elements as highly critical raw materials
I.3 IONIC LIQUIDS AS GREENER SOLVENTS
I.3.1 Definition
I.3.2 Structure
I.3.3 Properties and application
I.4 RECYCLING NIMH BATTERIES
I.4.1 Overview
I.4.2 Leaching and precipitation
I.4.3 IL-based Liquid-liquid extraction
I.4.4 IL-based Aqueous Biphasic Systems (ABS)
I.4.5 Electrodeposition in ionic liquids
I.5 SPECIFICATION OF THE STUDY
II. CHAPTER II SEPARATION OF TRANSITION METALS FROM RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
II.1 INTRODUCTION
II.2 PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF NIMH BATTERIES
II.2.1 Laboratory scale black mass production
II.2.2 Industrial scale black mass production
II.3 LEACHING
II.3.1 Preliminary tests with an ideal black mass
II.3.2 Leaching NiMH black mass produced at Recupyl®
II.3.3 Possibilities and limitations of using hydrophilic ILs in leaching process
II.4 SELECTIVE PRECIPITATION
II.5 CONCLUSION
III. CHAPTER III SEPARATION OF CERIUM, LANTHANUM, NEODYMIUM AND PRASEODYMIUM
III.1 INTRODUCTION
7 | Introduction
III.2 SEPARATION OF CERIUM FROM LANTHANUM, NEODYMIUM AND PRASEODYMIUM SULPHATE SALTS
III.2.1 Introduction
III.2.2 Oxidation of Ce(III) in alkaline conditions
III.2.3 Liquid-Liquid extraction of Ce(IV) by ILs
III.2.4 Conclusion
III.3 RECOVERY OF CERIUM FROM SPENT NIMH BATTERIES
III.3.1 Extraction of cerium in spent NiMH batteries
III.3.2 Electrodeposition of cerium in an ionic liquid: an alternative recovery strategy
III.4 TOWARDS THE SEPARATION OF NEODYMIUM FROM LANTHANUM
III.5 CONCLUSION
IV. CHAPTER IV SEPARATION OF COBALT, NICKEL, MANGANESE AND IRON
IV.1 INTRODUCTION
IV.2 DICYANAMIDE IONS AS COMPLEXING AGENT OF COBALT: FROM WEAK LIGANDS IN WATER TO STRONG ONE IN IONIC LIQUIDS
IV.2.1 Introduction
IV.2.2 Construction and fitting of a complexation model
IV.2.3 Co-DCA complexes in water
IV.2.4 Co-DCA complexes in ionic liquids
IV.2.5 Cobalt extraction by dicyanamide-based ionic liquids
IV.2.6 Conclusion
IV.3 NOVEL IONIC LIQUID-BASED ACIDIC AQUEOUS BIPHASIC SYSTEMS (ACABS): FROM FUNDAMENTALS TO METAL EXTRACTION
IV.3.1 Introduction
IV.3.2 Fundamentals of Acidic Aqueous Biphasic System
IV.3.3 Acidic Aqueous Biphasic systems for metal extraction
IV.3.4 Recovery of cobalt by electrodeposition in ABS-AcABS
IV.3.5 Conclusion
IV.4 SEPARATION OF TRANSITION METALS FROM SPENT NIMH BATTERIES
IV.4.1 Introduction
IV.4.2 Inducing an AcABS from leachate solutions: A versatile process
IV.4.3 Conclusion
IV.5 CONCLUSION
V. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES
VI. REFERENCES
VII. ANNEX