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Table of contents
Chapter I: General introduction
I.1. Coastal zones and its importance
I.2. Context of the Eastern English Channel
I.3. The quality of ecosystems and effects on organisms; the use of biological indicators
I.4. Fish as bioindicator of aquatic habitats
I.5. Thesis objectives and organisation
Chapter II: Methodology
II.1. In situ approach
II.1.1. Canche, Authie, Somme and Seine estuaries
II.1.2. Choice of European flounder (Platichthys flesus, L., 1758) as a biological model
II.1.3. Sampling strategies
II.1.4. Measurement of environmental parameters
II.1.4.1. Physicochemical parameters
II.1.4.2. Sediment sampling
II.1.4.3. Sediment analysis
II.1.4.3.1. Macrobenthos
II.1.4.3.2. Granulometry
II.1.4.3.3. Organic matter
II.1.5. Feeding analysis
II.2. Experimental approaches
II.2.1. Choice of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L., 1758) as a biological model
II.2.2. Microcosm experience on sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax, L. 1758) exposed to estuary sediment contamination
II.2.3. Mesocosm experiences on the effects of two toxic algal blooms: Phaeocystis globosa and Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima on the physiological performance of sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax, L., 1758)
II.2.3.1. Phytoplankton strains and culture conditions
II.2.3.2. Phytoplankton experimental procedure
II.2.3.3. Sampling
II.3. Other analysis of in situ, microcosm and mesocosm experiences
II.3.1. Sediment analysis
II.3.1.2. Metal analysis
II.3.1.3. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated biphenyls analysis
II.3.1.4. Metal analysis: a) in fish and b) in fish gills
II.3.2. Biomarkers
II.3.2.1. Standard and samples preparations
II.3.2.2. Biotransformation (detoxification) enzymes
II.3.2.3.Antioxidant enzymes (oxidative stress biomarkers)
II.3.3. Fish mortality and physiological performance indicators
II.3.3.1. Daily mortality
II.3.3.2. Biological analysis
II.3.3.3. Specific growth rate in length and weight
II.3.3.4. Morphological condition index
II.3.3.5. Growth index
II.3.3.6. Nutritional indices
II.3.3.6.1. TAG/ST ratio
II.3.3.6.2. RNA/DNA ratio
II.3.4. Histology
II.3.5. Analysis of two algal blooms: Phaeocystis globosa and Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima
II.3.5.1. Colorimetric method analysis for transparent exopolymer particles (TEP)
II.3.5.2. Sampling and determination of Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima total abundances
II.4. Statistical analysis
Chapter III: Pollution impact on fish
III.1. Relating biological responses of juvenile flounder to environmental characteristics and sediment contamination of estuarine nursery areas
III.1.2. Introduction
III.1.3. Materials and Methods
III.1.3.1. Study area and sampling
III.1.3.2. Environmental variables
III.1.3.3. Sediment contaminant analysis
III.1.3.3.1. Metal analysis
III.1.3.3.2. PAHs and PCBs analysis
III.1.3.4. Fish metal analysis
III.1.3.5. Biological analysis
III.1.3.5.1. Growth and condition indices
III.1.3.6. Feeding analysis
III.1.3.7. Statistical analysis
III.1.4. Results
III.1.4.1. Environmental variables
III.1.4.2. Fish biological responses
III.1.5. Discussion
III.2. Effects of estuary sediment contamination on physiology, biochemical biomarkers and immune parameters in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L., 1758)
III.2.1. Introduction
III.2.2. Materials and Methods
III.2.2.1. Sediment collection
III.2.2.2. Fish and experimental set up
III.2.2.3. Sediment analysis
III.2.2.4. Physiological parameters
III.2.2.5. Molecular biomarker analysis
III.2.2.6. Metal analysis in gills
III.2.2.7. Histology
III.2.2.8. Statistical analysis
III.2.3. Results
III.2.3.1. Environmental parameters
III.2.3.2. Physiological parameters
III.2.3.3. Metal concentrations in gills
III.2.3.4. Biomarker responses
III.2.3.5. Immune system responses
III.2.3.6. Correlation between parameters
III.2.4. Discussion
III.2.4.1. Estuarine sediment contamination and metal accumulation in fish gills
III.2.4.2. Physiological indicators
III.2.4.3. Biomarker responses
III.2.4.4. Immune system alterations
III.2.5. Conclusion
Chapter IV: Effects of algal bloom
IV.1. Effects of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) derived from Phaeocystis globosa bloom on the physiological performance of European sea bass juveniles
IV.1.1 Introduction
IV.1.2. Materials and Methods
IV.1.2.1. TEP production from decaying algal cultures and foam
IV.1.2.2. Experimental set up and sampling strategy
IV.1.2.3. Determination of TEP concentrations
IV.1.2.4. Fish mortality and physiological performance
IV.1.2.5. Statistical analysis
IV.1.3. Results
IV.1.3.1. Physico-chemical variables
IV.1.3.2. TEP concentrations
IV.1.3.3. Fish mortality and physiological performance
IV.1.4. Discussion
IV.2. Does Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima can be deleterious to the growth and condition of European sea bass juveniles?
IV.2.1 Introduction
IV.2.2. Materials and Methods
IV.2.2.1. Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima algal cultures
IV.2.2.2. Experimental set up and sampling strategy
IV.2.2.3. Sampling and determination of Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima total abundances
IV.2.2.4. Fish mortality and physiological performance
IV.3.2.5. Statistical analysis
IV.2.3. Results
IV.2.3.1. Physico-chemical variables
IV.2.3.2. Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima total abundance
IV.2.3.3. Fish mortality and physiological performance
IV.2.4. Discussion
Chapter V: General Conclusion
V.1. Pollution impact on fish
V.2. Effects of algal bloom
V.3. Perspectives
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