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Table of contents
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Basic principle of magnetic confinement fusion
Why fusion
The principle of the nuclear fusion
Ignition
Magnetic confinement fusion
Tokamak
Progress in the tokamak research
ITER
Fusion power plant
Plasma boundary in tokamaks
Impurities
Limiter SOL
Radial drop of density and temperature in the SOL
The Debye sheath
The heat flux density and the heat transmission coefficient
Parallel density and potential gradients in the pre-sheath
Langmuir probes
Mach probe
Disturbance of the plasma by probe insertion
Tore Supra
Ion temperature measurements in the tokamak plasma boundary
The importance of SOL Ti measurements
Techniques for SOL Ti measurements
Ratynskaia probe
Katsumata probe
Rotating double probe
E×B probe
Plasma ion mass spectrometer (PIMS)
Langmuir probe with a thermocouple
Thermal desorption probe
Carbon resistance probe
Surface collection probe
Charge exchange recombination spectroscopy
Chapter 2 – Retarding field analyzer
RFA in the tokamak plasma boundary
RFA principle
Tore Supra RFA
Probe design, electronics, operation and data analysis
Probe design
Electronics
Operation and data analysis
Instrumental study of the Tore Supra RFA
Attenuation of the ion flux on the CFC protective housing
Background of the ion current attenuation
Tunnel probe
Particle-in-cell simulations
Comparison of experimental data, theory and PIC simulations
Attenuation of the ion flux on the protective plate
Ion transmission through the entrance slit
Theoretical model of ion transmission through the slit
PIC simulations of the ion transmission through the slit
Deformation of I-V characteristics
The relative slit transmission factor
Space charge effects
Influence of the negatively biased grid
Some remarks on the error on Vs and Ti due to the fit to the measured
Introduction
Analysis of the artificial I-V characteristics
Annex
Chapter 3 – Experimental results
M. Kočan et al 2008 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 50 125009
M. Kočan et al 2009 J. Nucl. Mater. 390-391 1074
M. Kočan et al 2009 submitted to Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
M. Kočan and J. P. Gunn 2009 to be published in the Proc. 36th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics (Sofia, June 29 – July 3)
Chapter 4 – Three projects to validate Ti measurements in Tore Supra
Edge ion-to-electron temperature ration in the L-mode plasma in JET
Introduction
JET L-mode database of edge Ti and Te
Preliminary results
Comparison of the SOL Ti measured by the RFA and by the CXRS in Tore Supra
The segmented tunnel probe for Tore Supra plasma boundary
Introduction
STP principle
A prototype STP tested in the tokamak CASTOR
Tore Supra STP
Probe design
Probe calibration
Experimental data
Measurements of the large floating potentials in the ICRH power scan
Conclusions
References
