Proceedings of a dynamic impact on laminated glass

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Table of contents

Introduction 
I Laminated glass under impact 
I.1 Introduction to laminated glass: an industrial product for safety applications
I.2 Laminated glass under impact: from standard tests to lab-scale experiments
I.2.1 Impact tests
I.2.2 Proceedings of a dynamic impact on laminated glass
I.2.3 Interlayer’s key role for energy dissipation
I.3 State of the art on glass breakage: from quasi-static flexion to blast loading
I.4 Post-breakage behavior: investigating adhesion, stretching and delamination of the interlayer
I.4.1 Debonding characterization: the peel test
I.4.2 State-of-the art of the TCTT
I.5 Fracture mechanics concepts
I.5.1 Fracture energy: the basics
I.5.2 Modeling crack propagation with a cohesive zone model
I.5.3 Cracks in viscoelastic media
I.5.4 Cracks in plastic media
I.5.5 Mode mixity: the influence of loading conditions
I.6 Our Holy Grail: understanding the coupling between energy dissipation
at the interface and in the volume of the interlayer
II Experimental methods 
II.1 Polymers used as interlayers in laminated glass
II.1.1 Poly(vinyl butyral)
II.1.2 Poly(ethylene – vinyl acetate)
II.2 Surface modification with silane chemistry
II.2.1 Surface characterization: contact angle measurement with a sessile drop
II.3 Thermal and structural analyses: DSC and X-ray diffusion
II.3.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
II.3.2 Wide and Small Angle X-ray Scattering
II.4 Mechanical testing
II.4.1 Small strain mechanical analysis
II.4.2 Large strain tensile testing
II.5 Adhesion characterization
II.5.1 The peel test
II.5.2 The Through Crack Tensile Test
III Adhesion modification with PVB 
III.1 Surface treatment protocol with silane mixes
III.2 Control of PVB/glass adhesion by the TEOS content
III.3 Through Crack Tensile Tests with adhesion-modified laminates
III.3.1 The steady-state regime and its limits
III.3.2 Lateral crack initiation at high adhesion for thin interlayers
III.3.3 Loss of symmetry at low adhesion for thick interlayers
III.3.4 Higher work of fracture at higher adhesion: a stretch effect
III.3.5 Adhesion modification affects mostly the interface dissipation
III.4 Comparison with previous experiments: effect of the relative humidity
III.5 A hand-waving model for the coupling between adhesion and macroscopic work of fracture
IV EVA: elasto-plastic interlayer 
IV.1 Thermal transitions of EVA: crosslinking, crystallization, glass transition
IV.1.1 Thermal treatment during lamination
IV.1.2 Effect of temperature on the structure
IV.2 Structural characterization: semi-crystalline nature
IV.2.1 Crystalline content and crystallite size from DSC
IV.2.2 Characterization of the crystallinity by X-ray diffraction
IV.3 Crosslinking upon thermal treatment
IV.3.1 Characterization of the curing kinetics: cure law
IV.3.2 Kinetics model
IV.4 Mechanical behavior of cured EVA: elasto-plasticity
IV.4.1 Small strain behavior of EVA
IV.4.2 Large strain behavior of EVA
V Delamination in EVA laminates 
V.1 Adhesion between EVA and glass: surface chemistry strikes back
V.1.1 EVA on bare glass: immediate rupture in the TCTT
V.1.2 Modification of the adhesion between EVA and glass: return of the silanes
V.1.3 Surface chemistry and TCTT—from rupture to unstable regimes, and recovery of stable delamination
V.2 Adhesion rupture in the TCTT with EVA at ambient temperature
V.2.1 (No?) effect of interlayer thickness
V.2.2 (No?) effect of velocity
V.3 Recovery of high fracture energy at the glass transition of EVA
V.3.1 Thickness effect at the glass transition: high dissipation in the bulk
V.3.2 A strong rate effect at the glass transition
V.3.3 Plastic at the crack tip, viscoelastic in the bulk?
VI Numerical modeling: steady-state crack 
VI.1 Modeling the TCTT: dissipative interlayer and cohesive zone model?
VI.2 Constitutive behaviors in small deformations
VI.2.1 Plasticity in the linear regime: additive decomposition of the strain
VI.2.2 Non-linear viscoelasticity in small strains: creep formulation
VI.3 Steady-state scheme
VI.3.1 Principle of the method: “integrate along streamlines”
VI.3.2 Technical implementation: post-processing of elastic solutions
VI.3.3 Energy release rate and total work of fracture
VI.4 Validation of the model: plane-strain opening crack in a rate-dependent plastic material
VI.4.1 Material properties and plastic zone size
VI.4.2 Stress-based crack propagation criterion
VI.4.3 Effects of plasticity and loading rate
VI.5 Application to steady-state TCTT, with rate-dependent plasticity
VI.5.1 Mixed-mode propagation criterion
VI.5.2 Steady-state fracture energy with a viscoplastic material
VI.5.3 From small-scale yielding to a fully-plastifying interlayer
VI.6 Conclusions and perspectives
VI.6.1 Successful implementation of a steady-state crack with a commercial FEA code
VI.6.2 Perspectives and improvements
VII Conclusion(s) & perspectives 
VII.1 Adjusting adhesion for optimal energy dissipation
VII.1.1 Surface chemistry: a toolbox for a quantitative approach to adhesion modification
VII.1.2 Interlayer strength as the limit to delamination
VII.2 A large dissipating volume is needed for optimal performance
VII.2.1 Elasto-plastic interlayer above the glass transition: localized dissipation?
VII.2.2 Dissipation dominated by viscoelasticity at the glass transition
VII.3 Numerical modeling of a steady-state crack
VII.3.1 Steady-state modeling, long story short
VII.3.2 Lower limit in the TCTT phase diagram: bridging viscoelasticity and plasticity
VII.3.3 Perspectives: finite deformations and rate-dependent materials
Appendices