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Table of contents
RESUME
ABSTRACT
AVANT-PROPOS
REMERCIEMENTS
TABLE DES MATIERES
TABLE DES TABLES
TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS
I. INTRODUCTION GENERALE
1. CONTEXTE GLOBAL
2. HISTORIQUE ET DEFINITION DES RECIFS ARTIFICIELS
3. ETAT DE L’ART DES CARACTERISTIQUES INTRINSEQUES DES RECIFS ARTIFICIELS
4. COLONISATION DES RECIFS ARTIFICIELS
5. INFLUENCE DES CARACTERISTIQUES INTRINSEQUES DES RECIFS ARTIFICIELS SUR LA COLONISATION .
6. HYPOTHESES
II. CHAPTER 1: BIOFILM MONITORING AS A TOOL TO ASSESS THE EFFICIENCY OF ARTIFICIAL REEFS AS SUBSTRATES: TOWARD 3D PRINTED REEFS.
RESUME
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIALS & METHODS
2.1. Sampling and site of monitoring
2.2. Pigment analysis
2.3. Extraction of Polymeric substances
2.4. Quantification of carbohydrate concentration by colorimetric assay
2.5. Amino acid composition of polymers by HPLC
2.6. Data analysis
3. RESULTS
3.1. Pigment analysis
3.2. Sugar and protein concentration dynamics on the different substrates
3.3. Amino acid composition
3.4. Principal Component Analysis
4. DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
III. CHAPTER 2: COLONISATION OF ARTIFICIAL REEF SUBSTRATES: “THE HABIT DOES NOT MAKE THE MONK.”
RESUME
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIALS & METHODS
2.1. Substrates
2.2. Monitoring and sampling
2.3. Biofilm analysis
2.4. Macrofouling identification
2.5. Heavy metals analyses
2.6. Statistical analyses
3. RESULTS
3.1. Temperature and sedimentation rates during the monitoring
3.2. Structure of the biofilm microbial communities
3.3. Sugars and proteins content in the Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) of the biofilm
3.4. Macrofouling communities
3.5. Heavy metals in sinking and suspended POM and virgin substrates
4. DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
IV. CHAPTER 3: STUDY THE COMPLEXITY OF ARTIFICIAL REEFS FROM THE MICRO TO THE MACRO SCALE
PART 1: TOWARD A PURPOSEFUL DESIGN OF ARTIFICIAL REEFS: A FIRST METHOD TO ASSESS THEIR STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY AND HETEROGENEITY
RESUME
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIAL & METHOD
2.1. The numerical object of artificial reefs and fictive objects
2.2. Normalization of the 3D CAD models and process of the input.
2.3. Point clouds and normals
2.4. Combination of modules
2.5. Evaluation of the structure
2.6. Data analysis
3. RESULTS
3.1. 3D fictive 3D CAD models
3.2. Evaluation of the structure of the AR modules
3.3. Combination of modules
4. DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
PART 2: LINK BETWEEN MICROTOPOGRAPHY AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC BIOFILM PHYSIOLOGY AT DIFFERENT SCALES
RESUME
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIEL & METHOD
2.1. Substrates of artificial reefs and natural rock
2.2. Characterization of the surface topography
2.3. Analyse of biofilm activity by Imaging PAM
2.4. scale
3. RESULTS
3.1. Characterisation of the surface of substrates at the global scale .
3.2. Characterisation of the biofilm activity with Imaging PAM and correlation with complexity indexes
4. DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
RÉFÉRENCES
