‘Raw immersion’ technique

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Table of contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 
Introduction
2.1. General aspects of glass
2.1.1. Formation and structure of silicate network
2.1.1.1. Network formers
2.1.1.2. Network modifiers
2.1.1.3. Intermediates
2.1.1.4. The role of CaO
2.1.1.5. The role of Al2O3
2.1.2. Acid-base properties in glass melts
2.1.2.1. Acid-base concepts in glass melts
2.1.2.2. Evaluation of acid-base properties in molten glass
2.1.2.3. Optical basicity
2.1.2.4. Influence of the acid-base properties of the melts on the solubility of oxides
2.1.3. Redox properties in silicate melts
2.1.3.1. Equilibrium constant
2.1.3.2. Redox properties by electrochemical measurement
2.2. Corrosion of metals and alloys by molten glass
2.2.1. Corrosion of pure metals in molten glasses
2.2.1.1. Case of noble metal
2.2.1.2. Case of metals used in glass and nuclear industries
2.2.2. Corrosion of alloys in molten glasses
2.2.2.1. Chromia forming alloys in molten glasses
2.2.2.2. Alumina forming alloys in molten glasses
2.3. Solubility of important oxides in molten glasses
2.3.1 Physicochemical behaviour of chromium oxide in molten glass
Summary
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 
Introduction
3.1. Raw materials
3.1.1. Metal and alloys
3.1.1.1. Pure chromium
3.1.1.2. Ni-based alloys
3.1.2. Glass synthesis
3.2. Experimental procedures
3.2.1. Corrosion by molten glasses
3.2.1.1. Preparation of electrodes
3.2.1.2. Elelctrochemical measurements
3.2.1.3. ‘Raw immersion’ technique
3.2.1.4. Thickness loss measurement
3.2.2. Solubility of chromia (Cr2O3) in molten glasses
3.2.2.1. Glass balls (samples) preparation
3.2.2.2. Control of the experimental parameters
3.3. Sample characterisation
3.3.1. Metallographic preparation
3.3.2. Technique of analysis
3.3.2.1. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
3.3.2.2. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
3.3.2.3. Differential thermal analysis (DTA)
3.3.2.4. Optical microscope
3.3.2.5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
3.3.2.6. Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA)
CHAPTER 4: CORROSION OF CHROMIA FORMING AND ALUMINA FORMING ALLOYS BY MOLTEN GLASSES 
4.1. Corrosion of pure Cr and Ni-30Cr by molten glass
4.1.1. Electrochemical characterisation of the solvents
4.1.2. Electrochemical measurements of the corrosion of pure Cr and Ni-30Cr alloy in silicate melts
4.1.2.1 Spontaneous behaviour of pure Cr and Ni-30Cr alloy in NC3S at 1100°C
4.1.2.2. Behaviour of preoxidised pure Cr and Ni-30Cr alloy in NC3S at 1100°C
4.1.2.3. Influence of temperature on the stability of the passivity states
4.1.2.4. Influence of melt basicity on the corrosion behaviour of pure Cr and Ni-30Cr alloy
4.1.3. Summary of the behaviour of chromia forming alloys in molten glass media
4.2. Corrosion of NiAl and Ni-8Al-28Cr by molten glass
4.2.1. Electrochemical measurements of the corrosion of NiAl and Ni-8Al-28Cr alloys in silicate melt
4.2.1.1. Spontaneous behaviour of NiAl and Ni-8Al-28Cr alloys in NC3S at 1100°C
4.2.1.2. Behaviour of preoxidised NiAl and Ni-8Al-28Cr alloys in NC3S at 1100°C
4.2.2. Summary of the behaviour of alumina forming alloys in molten glass media
CHAPTER 5: KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMIC APPROACH OF CHROMIA SOLUBILITY IN SILICATE MELTS 
5.1. Dissolution kinetics of Cr2O3 in the Na2O-CaO-xSiO2 (NCxS) system
5.1.1. Influence of oxygen fugacity (fO2)
5.1.1.1. Oxidising condition (air)
5.1.1.2. Reducing condition (Fe/FeO)
5.1.2. Influence of temperature
5.1.2.1. Oxidising condition (air)
5.1.2.2. Reducing condition (Fe/FeO)
5.1.3. Influence of melt compositions
5.1.3.1. Influence of melt basicity in soda-lime silicate melts
5.1.3.2. Influence of oxide modifiers
5.1.4. Diffusion of oxygen in the melt
5.1.5. Summary of the dissolution kinetics of Cr2O3 in melts
5.2. Chromia solublity in silicate melts: Thermodynamic approach
5.2.1. Influence of different experimental parameters on the solubility of chromia in silicate melts
5.2.1.1. Influence of temperature
5.2.1.2. Influence of oxygen fugacity (fO2)
5.2.1.3. Influence of glass compositions
5.2.2. Redox behaviour in silicate melts
5.2.2.1. Determination of redox ratio
5.2.2.2. Influence of oxygen fugacity (fO2) on Cr redox behaviour in silicate melts
5.2.3. Summary of the thermodynamic approach of Cr2O3 in silicate melts
5.3. Chromia solubility in soda-lime silicate glass: Correlation with the corrosion of chromia forming alloy in the melt
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS 
REFERENCES