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Table of contents
Chapter 1 ─ Introduction
1.1 Context
1.2 Aim
1.3 Thesis outline
Chapter 2 ─ Glacial and landslide controls on the geomorphology of Lakes Rara and Phoksundo, western Nepal
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Tectonic and climatic context
2.3 Study area
2.3.1 Lake Rara
2.3.2 The Suli Gad Valley and Lake Phoksundo
2.3.3 The Bheri Valley
2.4 Samples and methods
2.4.1 Field observations and mapping.
2.4.2 10Be Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclide (TCN) surface-exposure dating.
2.4.3 Reconstruction of the paleo-Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA)
2.4.4 Reconstruction of the maximum glacial extent
2.5 Results and discussion
2.5.1 Lake Rara
2.5.2 Suli Gad Valley and Lake Phoksundo
2.5.3 Bheri Valley
2.5.4 Reconstruction of the Holocene Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA)
2.5.5 Reconstruction of the maximum glacial extension
2.6 Conclusions
Chapter 3 ─ Large post-1505 AD earthquakes in western Nepal revealed by a new lake sediment record
3.1 Results.
3.2 Discussion.
Origin of turbidites.
Earthquake turbidite-triggering threshold.
Possible correlation with other historical earthquakes.
Significance of previously unknown events.
3.3 Implications for the notion of a seismic gap in western Nepal
3.4 Methods
Sediment core collection and analysis.
Age models.
Modelling shaking intensity.
Modelling sensitivity to near-field background seismicity.
3.5 Supplementary Information
Identification of turbidite layers.
Turbidite triggering mechanism.
Chapter 4 ─ Seismic hazard minimized by the cycle concept
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data
4.3 Methods
Time distribution analysis.
Calibration.
4.4 Results
4.5 Discussion
4.6 Conclusion
4.7 Supplementary Information
Identification of turbidite layers.
Age model.
Chapter 5 ─ Correlation between Holocene climate changes and global seismicity
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Data and analysis
5.3 Potential regional variations in temporal distributions
5.4 Holocene paleo-seismicity clustering
5.5 Discussion
5.5.1 Correlation with other natural periodic phenomena
5.5.2 Ice sheets, crustal deformation and seismicity
5.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Chapter 6─Conclusions and Perspectives
6.1 Conclusions
On the seismic-gap hypothesis, from a regional to a continental scale.
Himalayan earthquake time-distribution models.
Global seismic modulation through climate changes.
6.2 Perspectives
