Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI)

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Table of contents

Introduction
H+2
REMPI ion source
Sympathetic cooling Simulations for GBAR
1. The Paul Trap
1.1 Hyperbolic Paul Trap
1.1.1 Theory
1.1.2 Orders of Magnitude
1.2 Linear Paul Trap
1.2.1 Theory
1.2.2 Orders of magnitude
1.3 RF Heating
1.4 Coulomb Crystal
1.5 Theoretical shape for a single-component crystal
1.6 Conclusion
2. Ion Source
2.1 Introduction
2.2 REMPI State Selective Ionization Process
2.3 Design of the Molecular Beam Apparatus
2.3.1 Vacuum Theory Formulas
2.3.2 Ion Source Equilibrium Pressures
2.3.3 Ion Production Rate
2.3.4 Conclusion
2.4 REMPI Laser
2.5 Experimental Realisation and Testing
2.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
3. H+2 Photodissociation
3.1 213nm Laser Source
3.2 Model
3.2.1 Model for the photodissociation of an H+2 ion cloud created by electron impact
3.2.2 Trap losses
3.2.3 Trap Losses due to the 213nm Laser
3.3 Experimental Testing of Pressure and Trap Losses
3.3.1 Pressure evolution without laser
3.3.2 Pressure Evolution with Laser
3.3.3 Trap Losses without Laser
3.4 Electron-Gun H+2 Lifetime with Laser
3.5 Conclusion
4. GPU Numerical Simulations of Sympathetic Cooling
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Numerical Model
4.2.1 Trapping Force
4.2.2 Coulomb Force
4.2.3 Interaction with the Cooling Laser
4.3 Integration Algorithm
4.4 Formation of Crystals
4.5 Example Curves and Denitions
4.6 Timestep Criteria
4.6.1 Radio Frequency Trapping
4.6.2 Coulomb Collision
4.6.3 Interaction with the cooling laser
4.6.4 Energy Conservation Test
4.6.5 Choice of and
4.6.6 Timestep Orders of Magnitude
4.7 Implementation
4.8 Available Hardware
5. Sympathetic Cooling Simulation Results
5.1 Theoretical Model of Sympathetic Cooling
5.1.1 Energy Loss
5.1.2 Cooling time
5.1.3 Coulomb Logarithm Value
5.2 Optimal Shape of the Crystal
5.3 Ineectiveness of single component Be+ crystal
5.4 Impact of RF Heating
5.5 Improvement Using a Two Component Crystal
5.6 Trapping Parameter ax Disfavouring Orbits
5.7 Be+/Auxiliary ion balance
5.8 Capture Time qx Dependence
5.9 Capture Time vs Energy Scaling Law
5.10 Lack of Improvement using a Hot Cloud
5.11 Detection through Fluorescence Signal
5.12 Capture Time vs Ion Number Scaling Law
Conclusion
Appendices
A. Example Parameter File
B. Introduction to GPU programming
B.1 Introduction
B.1.1 What makes the GPU faster than the CPU?
B.1.2 Faster than GPUs
B.1.3 GPU programming languages
B.2 Introduction to C++
B.2.1 Variable declaration
B.2.2 Functions
B.2.3 Pointers and References
B.2.4 Arrays
B.2.5 Passing by reference
B.2.6 Object Oriented Programming
B.2.7 Main
B.3 Introduction to CUDA
B.3.1 Terminology
B.3.2 Programming Syntax
B.3.3 CUDA examples