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Table of contents
Chapter 1: Description of the Gulf of Tonkin
1.1 Geography
1.2 Tidal forcing
1.3 Meteorological conditions
1.3.1 Winds
1.3.2 Precipitation
1.3.3 Surface heat flux
1.4 Ocean Climatology
1.4.1 Sea Surface Temperature patterns
1.4.2 Subtidal circulation
Chapter 2: Methods
2.1 Description of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS)
2.1.1 Equations of continuity and momentum balance
2.1.2 Vertical boundary conditions.
2.1.3 Terrain-following coordinate systems
2.1.4 Horizontal curvilinear coordinates
2.1.5 Open boundary conditions
2.1.6 Time-stepping
2.1.7 Sigma-coordinate errors: The pressure gradient and diffusion terms
2.1.8 Turbulent closure
2.1.9 Nesting
2.2 Lagrangian modeling: Ariane
2.3 Data for model verification
2.3.1 Tide gauges
2.3.2 Altimetry data
2.4 Harmonic tidal analysis: Detidor
2.5 Tidal energy budget: COMODO-energy
Chapter 3: Model validation and sensitivity analysis in the Gulf of Tonkin
3.1 Previous modeling work
3.2 Model setup
3.2.1 Grid generation
3.2.2 Surface fluxes
3.2.3 Initial and boundary conditions
3.3 Model validation
3.3.1 Tidal gauges
3.3.2 Satellite altimetry
3.4 Model sensitivity
3.4.1 Sensitivity to bottom stress formulation
3.4.2 Sensitivity to the horizontal resolution
3.4.3 Comparison of two- and three-dimensional model solutions
3.4.4 Sensitivity to bathymetry
3.5 Conclusion
A.1 Comparison of altimeter and tide gauge measurements
A.2 Relative errors
A.3 OTIS forcing
Chapter 4: Tidal flux and resonance in the Gulf of Tonkin
4.1 Tidal energy flux
4.2 Tidal resonance
4.2.1 The rectangular bay model
4.2.2 Numerical simulations
Chapter 5: Residual transports
5.1 Tide-induced residual current and transport
5.1.1 Eulerian residuals
5.1.2 Tide-induced Lagrangian residual current
5.2 Subtidal residual flow
5.2.1 Wind-driven circulation
5.2.2 Density circulation
5.3 Connectivity to Ha-Long bay
5.4 Conclusion
Chapter 6: Heat budget
6.1 Coastal cooling in winter
6.2 Frontogenesis in spring-summer
Conclusion
