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Table of contents
Chapter 1: Bibliography study
1 Introduction
2 What are hyperaccumulating plants?
2.1 Definition of hyperaccumulator
2.2 Types of hyperaccumulators
2.3 Mechanism of metal hyperaccumulation
2.4 Methods of improving the ability of metal accumulation
3 Phytoextraction
3.1 Definition of phytoextraction
4 Phytomining
4.1 Nickel in soils: what are the potential resources for phytomining?
4.1.1 Serpentine soils containing nickel
4.1.2 Main sources of nickel pollution in soils
4.1.3 Ni speciation in soils
4.1.4 Health risks due to nickel contaminated soils
4.1.5 Nickel contaminated soil remediation
4.2 Agronomy of phytomining
4.3 Recovery of Ni from hyperaccumulator plants
4.3.1 Producing pure Ni from hyperaccumulators
4.3.2 Producing Lewis acid catalysts from hyperaccumulators
4.3.3 Producing nickel double salt from hyperaccumulators
4.3.4 Hydrothermal process of extracting nickel from the Ni-hyperaccumulators
4.4 Feasibility of nickel phytomining
5 Hypothesis and objectives
5.1 Hypothesis
5.2 Objectives
Chapter 2: Characterizations of plants and ashes from Ni-hyperaccumulators
1 Introduction
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Sampling and preparation of the plants
2.2 Sampling of the ashes
2.3 Mineralization and ICP-AES analysis of biomass and ashes
2.4 X-ray diffraction analysis
2.5 Particle size distribution, SEM and EDX analysis
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Mass distribution of biomass among stems, leaves, flowers and seeds of the different taxa
3.2 Elemental concentration of the hyperaccumulators
3.3 Optimization of the furnace treatment
3.3.1 Influence of temperature on ashes composition
3.3.2 Influence of combustion duration on ash composition
3.4 Concentrations in the ashes of the 14 hyperaccumulators
3.5 XRD of the ashes of the hyperaccumulators
3.6 Particle size distribution, SEM and EDX analysis
4 Conclusions
Chapter 3: Optimization of the process to produce ANSH (ammonium nickel sulfate hexahydrate) from ashes of A. murale
1 Introduction
2 Part I-Ash washing stage
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and methods
2.2.1 Composition of the raw ashes
2.2.2 Influence of the washing duration
2.2.3 Influence of ash mass fraction
2.2.4 Influence of the stirring speed
2.2.5 Influence the washing methods
2.3 Results and discussion
2.3.1 Influence of the stirring duration
2.3.2 Influence of the ash mass fraction
2.3.3 Influence of the stirring speed
2.3.4 Influence of the washing methods
2.3.5 Dissolution equilibrium calculations in the washing step
2.4 Conclusions
3 Part II-Acid leaching
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and methods
3.2.1 Experiments to test acid leaching at room temperature
3.2.2 Acid leaching at high temperature
3.3 Results and discussion
3.3.1 Controlling the pH
3.3.2 Recovery rates of Mg and Ni from A12
3.3.3 Selective leaching
3.3.4 Optimal parameters for acid leaching
3.4 Conclusion
4 Part III – Leachate purification before crystallization
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and methods
4.2.1 Neutralization
4.2.2 Adding NaF to eliminate Mg
4.2.3 Evaporation
4.3 Results and discussion
4.3.1 Neutralization
4.3.2 NaF addition to remove Mg followed by evaporation
4.4 Conclusion
5 Part IV- Crystallization
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and methods
5.2.1 Different methods of crystallization
5.3 Results and discussion
5.3.1 Crystals
5.4 Conclusion
6 Conclusion
Chapter 4: New ideas of producing nickel products from A. murale biomass
1 Introduction
2 Part I-Producing nickel products from A. murale ash
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and methods
2.2.1 Preparing NiSO4 at pH between 4 and 5
2.2.2 Producing NiS, ANSH salt and other nickel products
2.3 Results and discussion
2.3.1 Production of ANSH with NiS as an intermediate product
2.4 Conclusion
3 Part II–Producing nickel products directly from A. murale plants
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Materials and methods
3.2.1 Extracting nickel from A. murale plants in deionized water at 100 °C
3.2.2 Ni extraction by heating with ultrasonic wave or autoclave
3.2.3 Producing nickel sulfide, nickel sulfate
3.3. Results and discussion
3.3.1 Extraction of the major elements
3.3.2 Organic acids in the boiled water
3.3.3 Comparison of different heating methods
3.3.4 Trial to prepare NiS from the aqueous solution
3.3.5 Ni extraction from the boiled solution at pH 1
3.4 Conclusion
4 Conclusion
Conclusion & perspectives
