Small-colony variants (SCVs)

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Table of contents

Chapter 1. Literature review
3.1. Mastitis
3.1.1. General considerations
3.1.2. S. aureus mastitis
3.1.3. Mammary gland defenses
3.1.3.1. Anatomic and microbial barrier
3.1.3.2. Innate immune response
3.1.3.3. Adaptive immune response
3.1.4. Diagnosis
3.1.5. Control
3.1.5.1. Prevention
3.1.5.2. Treatment
3.2. Staphylococcus aureus
3.2.1. Staphylococcus spp.
3.2.2. Staphylococcus aureus
3.2.3. Biology of S. aureus
3.2.3.1. Molecular determinants of virulence and pathogenicity
3.2.3.2. Virulence regulation systems
3.2.3.3. Virulence factors
3.2.4. S. aureus and pathogenesis
3.2.4.1. Colonization and tissue invasion
3.2.5. S. aureus isolates from mastitis
3.2.5.1. Virulence factors associated with ruminant mastitis
3.3. Extracellular vesicles
3.3.1. Overview of extracellular vesicles
3.3.1.1. Eukaryotic EVs
3.3.1.2. Bacterial EVs
3.3.2. Biological roles of bacterial EVs
3.3.2.1. Bacteria-host interactions
3.3.2.2. Elimination of harmful material
3.3.2.3. Biofilm formation
3.3.2.4. Nucleic acid and horizontal gene transfer
3.3.2.5. Interactions within bacterial communities
3.3.2.6. Threat avoidance
3.3.2.7. Adaptation to environmental conditions or variations
3.3.3. Biogenesis of bacterial EVs
3.3.3.1. Genetic factors associated to EVs release
3.3.4. EVs in Gram-positive bacteria
3.3.4.1. S. aureus EVs
3.3.4.2. EVs in other Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria
3.3.4.3. Non-pathogenic bacterial EVs
3.3.5. Vaccines and applications
3.4. Extracellular vesicle isolation and characterization techniques
3.4.1. Isolation methods
3.4.2. Current methods for EVs analysis
4. Context and aim of the Ph.D. project
4.1. Context of the thesis project
4.2. Aim of the Ph.D. project
5. Chapter 2. Immunomodulatory effects induced by S. aureus extracellular vesicles 87
6. Chapter 3. Comparative proteomics of EVs released by human, bovine and ovine S. aureus strains
7. Chapter 4. Critical analysis and perspectives
7.1. General discussion and conclusions