SST as grouping variable

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Table of contents

1 Introduction
1.1 Thesis Goals
2 VHOC: State of the art
2.1 Chemical properties
2.2 Sources
2.2.1 Biological sources
2.2.2 Natural, nonbiological formation of VHOCs
2.2.3 Anthropogenic sources
2.3 Lifetimes in the Troposphere
2.4 VHOC contribution to reactive stratospheric halogens
2.5 Air-Sea Exchange
2.5.1 Henry’s law constants
2.5.2 Transfer velocity
2.5.3 Notes on calculations of air mixing ratios
3 Methods and Development of the Analytical System
3.1 Working with Trace Elements
3.2 Sampling Devices
3.3 Extraction
3.3.1 Solid-Liquid extraction
3.3.2 Liquid-Liquid extraction
3.3.3 Gaseous-Liquid extraction
3.4 Purge gas desiccation
3.5 Preconcentration of the analytes and injection
3.6 Separation and Detection
3.7 Limit of Detection
3.8 Implemented GC-ECD-System
3.8.1 Sampling device
3.8.2 Purge-and-Trap
3.8.3 Retention times and identification of the compounds
3.8.4 Standards
3.8.5 Summary of the PAT-GC-ECD parameters
3.9 Protocols for maintaining the system
4 Distribution of Volatile Halogenated Organic Compounds in the Iberian Peninsula Upwelling System
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Method
4.2.1 Study Area
4.2.2 Physical variables and pigment analysis
4.2.3 Analysis of volatiles
4.2.4 Data analysis
4.3 Results
4.3.1 Upwelling during the campaign and sampling strategy
4.3.2 Spatial distribution of selected VHOCs
4.3.3 SST as grouping variable
4.3.4 Relationship Between the Compounds
4.3.5 Vertical distribution of VHOCs compared to environmental parameters
4.3.6 Temporal and tide factors in the upper layers
4.4 Discussion
4.4.1 Comparison to other studies
4.4.2 On the different origin of VHOCs
4.4.3 Evidence for phytoplanctonic production of VHOCs
4.4.4 Near shore production: main source for brominated compounds in the upwelling?
4.5 Conclusion
5 Annual distribution of reactive halocarbons in a tide influenced estuary: Exchange fluxes between ocean and atmosphere
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methods
5.2.1 Sampling area
5.2.2 Sampling strategy
5.2.3 Methods for physical, chemical and biological variables
5.2.4 VHOC measurements
5.3 Results
5.3.1 Meteorological variables
5.3.2 Environmental data describing seasonality at ASTAN and ESTACADE point
5.3.3 Environmental data describing seasonality along a salinity gradient in the Bay of Morlaix
5.3.4 Seasonality of VHOC surface concentrations
5.3.5 Formation of halocarbons during a diurnal tidal cycle
5.3.6 Possible input of halocarbons by a sewage treatment plant at Morlaix
5.4 Discussion
5.4.1 Comparison to other costal measurements
5.4.2 Temporal trends
5.4.3 Biogenic sources
5.4.4 Different sources along the gradient
5.4.5 Sea-air Fluxes
5.5 Conclusion
6 Physiological function of VHOCs for macroalgae
6.1 Summary
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Material and Methods
6.3.1 Algal material and elicitation procedures.
6.3.2 Conditioning procedure in the laboratory
6.3.3 Transient transplantation in the field
6.3.4 Aldehydes and volatile halogenated organic compounds (VHOCs) measurements
6.3.5 RNA extraction and RT-qPCR
6.4 Results
6.4.1 Wild and laboratory-grown algae display different defense responses
6.4.2 Effect of transient transplantation
6.4.3 Development of a conditioning procedure in the laboratory
6.4.4 The conditioning procedure down-regulated the oligoguluronates-induced release of VOCs
6.5 Discussion
6.6 Acknowledgements
6.7 References
7 Conclusions and perspectives
8 Literature