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Table of contents
1 State of the art of RFID and UWB Technologies
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The RFID Concept
1.3 Main Characteristics of RFID Systems and Technologies
1.3.1 Active Tags
1.3.2 Passive and Semi-Passive Tags
1.3.3 SAW Tags
1.4 Summary of the Main radio-frequency identication (RFID) Tag Characteristics
1.5 Basic Features of UWB Technologies
1.5.1 UWB History
1.5.2 Characteristics of UWB Signals
1.5.3 Impulse Radio UWB
1.6 Passive and Semi-Passive UWB-RFID
1.6.1 UWB Antenna Backscattering
1.7 UWB RFID Backscattering: The State of The Art
1.8 General Motivations of the thesis work
2 Electromagnetic Analysis of UWB RFID Tag Backscattering
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Application of Superposition and Reciprocity Principles in Ideal Scenarios
2.3 Proposed Procedures for Tag Backscattering Reconstruction
2.4 Application of Superposition and Reciprocity Principles in Presence of Scatterers
2.5 Proposed Methodologies in Presence of Scatterers
2.5.1 General Representation
2.6 A Dierent Approach for Tag Backscattering Characterization
2.7 Conclusions
3 Tag Backscattering Characterization in Presence of Nearby Objects
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Tag Interaction with Objects
3.2.1 Measurement Set-Up
3.2.2 Results
3.3 Impact of Tag Backscattering Characteristics on the Detection Coverage
3.3.1 Case Study Scenario
3.3.2 Simulation Results
3.4 A Case Study: Tag Interaction with a Perfect Electric Conductor
3.4.1 Antenna Backscattering Measurements in Presence of Metal
3.4.2 Simulation of the Antenna Backscattering
3.5 Total Backscattered Energy in Presence of Metal
3.6 Conclusions
4 UWB RFID System Architecture and Implementation Issues
4.1 Introduction
4.2 System Design
4.3 Reader Transmitted Signal Format
4.4 Tag Backscatter Modulation
4.5 Design Issues
4.5.1 Synchronization Procedure
4.5.2 ADC design analysis
4.5.3 Tag Clock Drift Model
4.6 Tag-to-Reader Communication
4.7 Signal De-Spreading
4.8 Tags Code Assignment Strategies
4.9 Inter-Reader Interference
4.10 Conclusions
5 Robust Tag Detection Scheme to the Presence of Interference and Drift
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Signal De-Spreading
5.3 Tag Detection
5.3.1 Threshold Evaluation Criteria
5.4 Numerical Results
5.4.1 Simulation Parameters
5.4.2 System Design
5.4.3 Results
5.4.4 Considerations on Threshold SNR for Detection Coverage in Sec. 3.3
5.5 Conclusions
6 Processing Scheme for Data Demodulation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 System Model
6.3 Laboratory Measurements
6.4 Numerical Results
6.4.1 System Performance in a Single-Tag Scenario
6.5 System performance in a Multi-Tags Scenario
6.5.1 BER{SIR in Multi-Tags Anechoic Chamber Scenario with Articial Clutter
6.5.2 BER-Ns in Multi-Tag Laboratory Scenario
6.5.3 BER-Ns in Multi-Tags Multipath Scenario with Arti-cial Clutter
6.6 Conclusions
A Theoretical Analysis on the SQNR Before and After Despreading
A.1 Analysis at Low SNR
A.2 Analysis at High SNR
B General Solutions for Readers Medium Access Control
B.1 Codewords Assignment
B.1.1 Same Codewords Assigned to all the Readers
B.1.2 Adoption of Performing Codes
B.1.3 Alternative Solutions
