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Table of contents
Chapter 1. General introduction
1.1 General context and problematic
1.2 Fecal contamination and water quality
1.2.1 Water quality standards and fecal indicator bacteria
1.2.2 Waterborne diseases
1.2.3 Water quality assessment
1.3 FIB sources
1.3.1 Primary sources
1.3.2 Point sources
1.3.3 Diffuse sources
1.4 FIB fate at watershed-scale
1.5 FIB occurrence in the environment
1.5.1 Environmental factors
1.5.2 Anthropic factors
1.6 Modelling studies for FIB fate and transport
1.7 Specific objectives and scientific approach
Chapter 2. Material and methods
2.1 Study site
2.1.1 General description of the Mekong basin
2.1.2 Main challenges on the Mekong basin
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 In-situ observations
2.2.2 Experimental approach
2.2.3 Modelling approach
Chapter 3. Effects of hydrological regime and land use on in-stream Escherichia coli concentration in the Mekong basin, Lao PDR
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Material and methods
3.2.1 Study site
3.2.2 Sampling design and watersheds characteristics
3.2.3 Geographical analyses
3.2.4 Land use
3.2.5 Data on livestock and local populations
3.2.6 In-situ measurements and laboratory analyses
3.2.7 Rainfall and water level
3.2.8 Statistical analysis
3.3 Results
3.3.1 Spatial surveys conducted during the 2016 dry and rainy seasons
3.3.2 Water quality monitoring of three northern watersheds during 2017 and 2018
3.5 Conclusion
Chapter 4. Apparent decay rate of Escherichia coli in a mountainous tropical headwater wetland
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Material and methods
4.2.1 Study area
4.2.2 Experimental design
4.2.3 Mesocosms preparation
4.2.4 Analytical methods
4.2.5 Environmental variables
4.2.6 Apparent Decay Rates, T50 and T90 values
4.2.7 E. coli stock variations
4.3 Results
4.3.1 Environmental variables
4.3.2 Physico-chemical and microbiological variables
4.3.3 Apparent decay rates and T50 and T90 values
4.3.4 E. coli stock variations
4.4 Discussion
4.4.1 Particle attachment effect on E. coli apparent decay rates
4.4.2 Deposition effect on E. coli apparent decay rates
4.4.3 Solar radiation effect on E. coli apparent decay rates
4.4.4 Relative effects of light and sedimentation on E. coli apparent decay rates
4.5 Conclusion
Chapter 5. Impact of hydropower dams on hydro-sedimentary and Escherichia coli dynamics on watershed-scale, case of Nam Khan river in the lower Mekong basin
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Material and methods
5.2.1 Study area
5.2.2 Monitoring data
5.2.3 Statistical approach
5.2.4 Hydrological modeling
5.3 Results
5.3.1 Statistical analyses
5.3.2 Hydrological modeling
5.4 Discussion
5.4.1 Observed hydrological alterations
5.4.2 Sediment trapping
5.4.3 Bacteria trapping
5.4.4 Hydrological modeling
5.4.5 Structural and parametric uncertainties
5.5 Conclusion
Chapter 6. Conclusion & perspectives
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