Synthetic fluid inclusions

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Table of contents

INTRODUCTION
1. A survey of the main crustal fluids
2. Parameters controlling mass transport by fluids
3. PH of present day geological fluid
3.1. Definition of pH
3.2. Main acid-base equilibria
3.3. PH data and pH measurement of present-day geological fluids
3.4. PH of palaeo-fluids
3.4.1. Palaeo-fluid and fluid inclusions: a brief summary
3.4.2. Use of fluid inclusions for palaeo-pH estimation
CHAPTER I: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
I.1. Microthermometric measurements
I.1.1. Linkam geology heating-freezing stage
I.1.2. USGS gas-flow heating-freezing stage
I.1.3. Calibration of Linkam and USGS stages
I.2. Raman measurements
I.2.1. Principles of Raman spectroscopy
I.2.2. Principles of Raman spectrometers
I.2.3. Micro-Raman spectrometers used in this work
I.2.3.1. Labram Raman spectrometer (Dilor/Jobin-Yvon/Horiba, USA)
I.2.3.2. Renishaw Raman spectrometer (Renishaw, UK)
I.3. Synthetic samples
I.3.1. Synthetic fluid inclusions
I.3.1.1. Autoclaves used for the synthesis of fluid inclusions
I.3.1.2. Methods for synthesizing fluid inclusions in cold sealed autoclaves
I.3.1.3. Samples of synthetic fluid inclusions
I.3.2. Pure silica capillary
I.3.2.1. Pure silica capillary tube
I.3.2.2. Adaptation of the system of I-Ming Chou (by J. Dubessy and P. Robert) and general procedure of capillary loading
I.3.2.3. Procedures for loading silica glass capillary with different gases, liquids and solids
I.3.2.4. Capillary samples
CHAPTER II: THE SYSTEM H2O-CO2-NaCl-H+-HCO3-: RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS
II.1. Objectives of the experimental part
II.2. Calibration of analysis of bicarbonates by Raman spectroscopy
II.2.1. Vibrational modes and bands of Raman active of related species in HCO3–bearing aqueous solution
II.2.2. Principles of calibration of HCO3- analysis from Raman spectra at ambient temperature
II.2.2.1. Results obtained from synthetic fluid inclusion
II.2.2.2. Results obtained from silica glass capillaries
II.2.2.3. Comparison between the results from synthetic fluid inclusion and the results from silica glass capillary
II.2.3. Calibration as a function of temperature
II.2.3.1. Results obtained from synthetic fluid inclusions
II.2.3.2. Results obtained from capillary samples
II.3. Calibration of the analysis of CO2 by Raman spectroscopy
II.3.1. Synthesis of fluid from the H2O-CO2-(NaCl) system in capillary
II.3.1.1. Method for loading pure CO2 in silica glass capillary
II.3.1.2. Method for quantifying CO2 condensed in capillary and the precision of the method
II.3.1.3. Validation of the approach and determinations the density of CO2
II.3.1.4. Results and discussion
II.3.1.5. Method for loading CO2 with H2O liquid in silica glass capillary
II.3.2. Synthesis of CO2-bearing silica glass capillary by the thermal decomposition of organic acids: oxalic acid and formic acid
II.3.2.1. Oxalic acid as a source of CO2
II.3.2.2. Formic acid as a source of CO2
II.4. Conclusions and perspectives
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY OF DETERMINATION OF PH APPLICATED TO FLUID INCLUSIONS
III.1. Determination of pH in fluid inclusions
III.1.1. The thermodynamic models
III.1.1.1. Thermodynamic model of the aqueous phase: the Pitzer model
III.1.1.2. The equation of state: the Duan model
III.1.2. Theoretical principles
III.1.2.1. Calculation of the concentration of Na+ and Cl-
III.1.2.2. Calculation of bulk composition and density
III.1.2.3. Calculation of molar volume
III.1.2.4. Calculation of pH
III.1.3. The algorithm of program
III.2. Application to natural case
III.2.1. Geology background of Mokrsko gold deposit
III.2.2. Experimental measurements of fluid inclusions
III.2.3. Calculation of pH
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
1.Conclusions
1.1. A new method for synthesizing fluid inclusions by sealing material into fused-silica glass capillary tubing
1.2. Calibration of the concentration analysis of aqueous species HCO3- and CO2 using micro Raman spectroscopy
1.3. Algorithm for the calculation of pH
1.4. The application on natural case
2. Perspectives
2.1. The calibration of CO2 amount by controlling the loading materials in system H2O-CO2 in silica glass capillary
2.2. The quantification of CO2 and H2O in system H2O-CO2-salts systems should be fully investigated
2.3. The liquid-vapor isopleths of bicarbonate-rich fluids
2.4. The use of temperature of relevant phase equilibria other than Tmice
2.5. Thermodynamic models above 250 °C
2.6. More applications to the natural cases are needed for verifying and improving the methodology
2.7. Other acido-base equilibria of interest