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Table of contents
INTRODUCTION: ORGANIZATION AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS
1. THE SYMBOLS THAT MADE US WHAT WE ARE
2. OUTLINE OF THE THESIS
3. AUTHOR’S PUBLICATIONS
4. RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS
5. RIASSUNTO IN ITALIANO
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 1: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
1. NEURO-COGNITIVE INTRODUCTION TO REPRESENTATIONS
1.1 Cognitive Representations
1.2 Neural Representations
2. THE CONTENT OF SEMANTIC REPRESENTATIONS?
2.1 Etymology and Philosophy
2.2 Linguistics and logic
2.3 Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence
2.4 Psychology and Neuropsychology
2.5 Dimensions and Geometries
3. ORGANIZATION AND LOCALIZATION OF SEMANTIC REPRESENTATIONS
3.1 Cognitive and Computational Models
3.2 Clinical Evidence
3.3 Neuroimaging Evidence
3.4 Grounded Cognition
3.5 Latest Developments
3.6 Open Questions and Future Directions
4. TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF SEMANTIC REPRESENTATIONS
4.1 Temporal Representation
4.2 Spectral Representation
4.3 Long Range: Context and Experiences
5. FORMAT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SEMANTIC REPRESENTATIONS
5.1 Relation between Geometry, Format and Neural Code
5.2 Debate
5.3 Skeptical Epoché
6. CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 2: INVESTIGATING COGNITIVE AND NEURAL REPRESENTATIONS
1. BEHAVIOR TO LOOK INTO COGNITION
1.1 Semantic Distance Judgment
1.2 Semantic Feature Listing
1.3 Priming Paradigm
2. FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (FMRI )
2.1 Acquisition
2.2 Pre-Processing
2.3 Standard Univariate Analyses
2.4 Discussion
3. MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG)
3.1 Acquisition
3.2 Pre-Processing
3.3 Standard Univariate Analyses
3.4 Discussion
4. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES OF NEUROIMAGING DATA
4. 1 Resolutions of Representational Codes
4. 2 Pattern Decoding
4. 3 Pattern Geometry
4.4 Pattern Encoding
4.5 Discussion
5. CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 3: BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCES OF MULTIVARIATE SEMANTIC REPRESENTATIONS
1. STUDY 1
1.1 Stimuli Selection
1.2 Stimuli Psycholinguistic Validation
1.3 Stimuli Psychological Validation
2. STUDY 2
2.1 Stimuli Selection
2.2 Stimuli Psycholinguistic Validation
2.3 Stimuli Psychological Validation
3. ONE SPACE, MANY METRICS?
3.1 Distance Judgment vs Features Listing
3.2 Comparison with a Linguistic Database
3.3 Conclusions
4. A SPACE TO PRIME
4.1 Semantic Priming
4.2 Perceptual Priming
4.2 Stimuli
4.3 Method
4.4 Results
4.5 Discussion
5. CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 4: TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF SEMANTIC DIMENSIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
1. 1 The Topography of Word Reading in the Brain
1. 2 Cognitive and Neural Semantic Geometries
1.3 Neural Correlates of Semantic Representations
1. 4 Present Study Hypotheses
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Subjects
2.2 Stimuli
2.3 Testing Procedures
2.4 MRI and fRMI Protocols
2.5 Data Pre-Processing and First Level Model
2.6 Regions of Interest
2.7 Univariate Analyses
2.8 Multivariate Pattern Analyses
2.9 Additional Analyses
3. RESULTS
3.1 Physical Dimension: number of letters
3.2 Perceptual–Semantic Dimension: implied real word size
3.3 Conceptual–Semantic Dimensions: semantic category and cluster
3.4 Controls on Low Level Physical Dimensions
3.5 Interaction between Semantic Dimensions and ROIs
3.6 Standard Pearson Correlation RSA
3.7 Lateralization of the Effects
4. DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 5: TEMPORAL FEATURES OF SEMANTIC DIMENSIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
1. 1 The Temporal Dynamics of Word Reading
1. 2 The Temporal Dynamics of Accessing Semantic Features
1. 3 Present Study Hypothesis
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Subjects
2.2 Stimuli
2.3 Testing Procedures
2.4 MEG Protocol
2.5 MRI Protocol and Source Reconstruction
2.6 MEG Data Pre-Processing
2.7 Univariate Analyses
2.8 Multivariate Analyses
3. RESULTS
3.1 Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Word Processing: basic effects
3.2 Inter-Trial Phase Coherence
3.3 Spectral Power
3.4 ERFs
3.5 MVPA Results
4. DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
1. MAIN EMPIRICAL RESULTS
1.1 Motor-Perceptual vs Conceptual Dimensions
1.2 Topographical Dissociations
1.3 Temporal Dynamics
2. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NEURO-COGNITIVE REPRESENTATION OF WORD MEANING
2.1 What is the Content of Semantic Representations?
2.2 Where are Semantic Representations Encoded in the Brain?
2.3 What are the Temporal Dynamics of Semantic Representations?
2.4 How are Semantic Representations Implemented in the Brain?
3. GENERAL DISCUSSION
3.1 Interpretable Features, Evolutionary Domains or Latent Dimensions?
3.4 Dissociated, yet Interacting
3.5 Early, yet Superfluous?
3.6 Effect of Context and Experience
4. GENERAL PERSPECTIVES
4.1 Clinical Relevance of Features Dissociation
4.2 Role of Hub(s) and Spokes
4.3 Dynamic Emergence of Semantic Representations
APPENDIX: VERBA VOLANT, SCRIPTA MANENT
1. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
1.1 Behavioral Experiments
1.2 fMRI Experiment
1.3 MEG Experiment
2. SOFTWARE
3. DOS AND DONTS
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
