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Table of contents
General introduction
1 General context
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The distributional effects of capacity management in fisheries: is concentration unavoidable?
1.3 The inadequacy of the ‘small vs. large’ dichotomy
1.4 Perspectives on ownership and concentration in the fishing industry
1.5 Towards an organizational perspective of ownership?
1.6 Current status of ownership analysis in the EU fishing industry
2 Research questions and organization of the PhD thesis
3 Conceptual framework
3.1 The ownership structure of small and large fishing companies
3.2 The role of the entrepreneur
3.3 Opening the ‘black box’: a neo-institutional approach to the study of organizations
3.3.1 Williamson’s transaction cost economics
3.3.2 Barney’s Resource-Based View (RBV)
3.3.3 The contractual view of the firm and agency theory
3.3.4 Industrial Organization theory
3.4 Fishing opportunities as intangible capital in a bundle of rights
3.4.1 Fishing opportunities as intangible capital
3.4.2 Fishing opportunities in a property rights framework: a bundle of rights
3.5 The EU Common Fisheries Policy as a driver of fishing industry structure
3.5.1 The unification of fisheries management in the EU: from open-access to regulated fisheries
3.5.2 The accession of new Member States in the 1980s and the issue of ‘quota hopping’
3.5.3 Overcapacity and fleet adjustment: 1983 to present
3.6 Case study: the French Atlantic fleet
3.6.1 Historical perspective
3.6.2 Fisheries management in France
3.6.3 Current fleet structure and value chain
Chapter 1: The inadequacy of the “artisanal vs. industrial” dichotomy in French Atlantic fisheries: an organizational perspective
1 Introduction
2 The fishing firm as an organizational unit
3 Material and methods
3.1 Case study description
3.2 Semi-structured interviews and key information
3.3 Selection of firm attributes for typology construction
3.4 Multiple Correspondence Analysis with hierarchical clustering
4 Results
4.1 Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering
4.1.1 Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA)
4.1.2 Hierarchical clustering based on the MCA results
4.2 Review of organizational types
5 Discussion
5.1 Growth of “artisanal” fishing firms
5.2 Drivers of horizontal integration
5.3 Forward and backward vertical integration
5.4 Towards new ownership models
5.5 Outlook
5.6 Conclusions and recommendations
Chapter 2: A methodological framework for ownership analysis of EU fishing vessels and its application to the French Atlantic fishing sector Introductory remarks
1 Scope of ownership analysis in the fishing industry
1.1 The means of production and two perspectives on ownership
1.1.1 ‘Ownership’ over the resource
1.1.2 Ownership of the vessels and the fishing company
1.2 The fishing company as the main unit of analysis
1.3 Percentage ownership, corporate control and the ‘divisibility property’ of fishing vessels
1.4 Chapter outline
2 Building a framework for ownership analysis
2.1 Available data sources
2.1.1 The Union fishing fleet register
2.1.2 Fisheries-specific data on the vessel level (national information systems)
2.1.3 Ownership data at the company level (Business Registers)
2.1.4 The Orbis database (Bureau van Dijk)
2.2 Constructing a conceptual data framework for ownership analysis
2.2.1 Step 1: construction of ‘Vessel-Company Registers’
2.2.2 Step 2: linking the Vessel-Company Register with ownership data from Orbis
2.2.3 Three objectives for ownership analysis
3 Extraction of ownership data from Orbis
3.1 Corporate ownership in Orbis
3.2 Issues with the Orbis approach to ownership analysis
3.3 Customized approach: two additional pathways
3.4 Ownership data: shareholders, subsidiaries and information on directors/managers
3.5 Synopsis of the extraction protocols
3.5.1 Bottom-up (Pathway 1) and top-down protocols
3.5.2 The Directors/Managers (DM) protocol (Pathway 2)
4 Use of extracted ownership data for the analysis of vessel ownership
4.1 Ultimate owners in the French Atlantic fishing sector: a first appraisal
4.1.1 Ownership analysis of fishing vessels: operator ID number vs. SIREN number
4.1.2 Profile of the direct and ultimate owners of French Atlantic fishing vessels ..93
4.1.3 Global Ultimate Owners (GUOs)
4.2 Exploration of case studies: added value of the protocols and issues encountered
4.2.1 Case study 1: Euronor
4.2.2 Case study 2: Scapêche
4.2.3 Case study 3: Fisher “X”
5 Discussion
5.1 Data issues and the construction of a Vessel-Company Register for France
5.2 The customized protocols: application and scope for EU-wide analysis
5.3 Profile of the direct and ultimate owners of French Atlantic fishing vessels
5.4 Policy recommendations and future research
Chapter 3: Measuring concentration in the French Atlantic harvesting sector: a preliminary analysis
1 Introduction
1.1 Concentration in the fishing industry
1.2 Guarding against concentration in market-based economies
1.3 Evidence for capital accumulation and concentration in the French fishing industry
1.4 Measuring concentration of fishing assets in the EU fishing industry
1.5 Chapter aims and objectives
2 Methods
2.1 Case study description
2.2 Data
2.2.1 Fleet, production and operator data
2.2.2 Ownership data
2.2.3 Concentration analysis at different levels of ownership
2.3 Concentration indices
2.3.1 Concentration Ratios (CR4, CR8, CR20)
2.3.2 The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)
2.3.3 The Gini coefficient
2.3.4 The Theil Index
2.4 Scope, objectives and limitations of concentration analysis in this chapter
3 Results
3.1 Trends in multi-vessel ownership based on fleet register data
3.2 Industry concentration at different hierarchical levels
3.2.1 Atlantic fleet in 2018
3.2.2 Case studies
3.3 Evolution of industry concentration 2008-2018
3.4 Contribution of subgroups to concentration: the decomposition of the Theil Index .
3.4.1 On the vessel level
3.4.2 On the operator level
4 Discussion
4.1 Accumulation of fishing vessels
4.2 Concentration and foreign ownership
4.3 Hierarchical levels considered: sense or non-sense?
4.4 Data issues
Chapter 4: Navigating institutional change in the French Atlantic fishing sector: how do artisanal fishers obtain and secure fishing opportunities?
1 Introduction
1.1 The French artisanal fishing model
1.2 Artisanal fisheries in a changing institutional environment
2 Methods
3 The legal framework of French fisheries management
3.1 Fishing opportunities for EU species: history and current situation
3.2 Fishing opportunities for non-EU species: history and current situation
4 Findings
4.1 An exploration of second order injustices
4.1.1 Fishers’ perceptions about resource access
4.1.2 An implicit and unregulated market for fishing opportunities
4.1.3 Institutional buffers as counter-measures: preemptions and track records reserves
4.2 An exploration of first order interactions
4.2.1 Membership in fisheries committees and POs
4.2.2 Innovative firm governance as a way to secure fishing opportunities
5 Conclusions and policy recommendations
General discussion and conclusion
1 Summary of the main findings
2 Recontextualization of the findings and main contributions
2.1 What can be expected from organizational types?
2.2 The French Atlantic fleet: industry drivers, scale economies and opportunities for rent capture
2.3 Methodological contributions to ownership analysis in the EU fishing industry
3 Policy implications
4 Limitations of the PhD research
5 Perspectives and further research
5.1 Ownership analysis in an EU setting
5.2 Who captures the rents of fishing?
5.3 Perspectives for small-scale fisheries
