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Table of contents
1 Introduction
1.1 The structure of the Earth’s mantle
1.2 Early Earth differentiation
1.2.1 Core formation
1.3 Differentiation of Earth’s mantle and floatability of silicate melts
1.4 The composition of the Earth
1.5 Magma ocean hypothesis
1.6 The magma ocean models
1.6.1 Tonks and Melosh , 1990
1.6.2 Abe, 1997
1.6.3 Solomatov, 2000
1.6.4 Liebske et alii, 2005
1.6.5 Wood et alii, 2006
1.6.6 Labrosse et alii, 2007
1.6.7 Elkins-Tanton, 2008
1.6.8 Nomura et alii, 2011
1.6.9 Summary of different magma ocean models
1.7 Temperature profiles of the lower mantle
1.8 Liquidus and solidus phase relations in the lower mantle
1.9 Partition coefficient
2 Experimental and analytical methods
2.1 Starting materials and sample assembly
2.1.1 Chondritic composition
2.1.2 Forsterite
2.1.3 Sample assembly
2.2 ESRF and the ID27 beamlin
2.2.1 The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
2.2.2 The ID27 beamline
2.2.3 Mirrors
2.3 High pressure and high temperature experiments
2.3.1 Diamond anvil cell
2.3.2 Diamonds and sample loading
2.3.3 Pressure transmitting medium
2.3.4 High temperature and temperature gradient
2.4 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
2.4.1 Principle
2.4.2 Treatment of data
2.5 X-ray diffraction (XRD) procedure
2.5.1 XRD procedure: study of forsterite melting curve (chapter 3)
2.5.2 XRD procedure: study of chondrite melting curves (chapter 4)
2.5.3 XRD procedure: study of chondrite (chapter 5)
2.6 X-ray fluorescence
2.6.1 Principle of absorption
2.6.2 Photoelectric effect
2.6.3 Fluorescence yield
2.6.4 Anisotropic fluorescence emission
2.6.5 Processing of X-ray fluorescence data
2.6.6 Quantification methods
2.6.6.1 Semi-quantitative elemental analysis
2.6.6.2 External standardization
2.6.6.3 Internal standardization
2.6.6.4 Fundamental parameter (FP) methods
2.6.6.5 Monte Carlo methods
2.6.6.6 Standardless quantifiation
2.6.7 Mapping
2.7 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) procedure: study of chondrite
2.8 Scanning electron microscope
2.9 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)
2.10 Electron microprobe (EMP)
3 Melting in the MgO-MgSiO3 system: A simplified chemical model for the lower mantle
3.1Abstract
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Technical details
3.4 Experimental methodology
3.5 Results and Discussions
3.5.1 Silicate melting
3.5.2 Platinum melting
3.6 Conclusions
4 Solidus and liquidus profiles of chondritic mantle: Implication for melting of the Earth across its history
4.1Abstract
4.2 Introduction
4.3Methods
4.4Results
4.4.1 Melting criteria
4.4.2 Determination of solidus temperature
4.4.3 Determination of liquidus temperature
4.4.4 Melting curves
4.5Discussions
4.5.1 Thermal structure of the D » layer
4.5.2 Melting in the D » region of the ULVZ
4.5.3 Depth extension of the early magma ocean
4.5.4 Formation of a basal magma ocean?
4.6 Conclusions
5 Phase relations in partially molten lower mantle: A X-ray fluorescence study at very high-pressures
5.1Abstract
5.2 Introduction
5.2.1 Mantle melting in the past and at present time?
5.2.2 Liquid floatability in the Earth mantle
5.2.3 Atomic packing of liquid structure
5.2.4 Melt composition
5.3 Experimental methods
5.3.1 Laser heating in the diamond anvil cell
5.3.2 X-ray methods
5.4Results
5.4.1 Diffraction results
5.4.2 Fluorescence results
5.5Discussions
5.5.1 Sample heterogeneity
5.5.2 Fe partition coefficient
5.5.3 Geophysical consequences
Conclusions and outlooks
Bibliography
