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Table of contents
1 General introduction
1.1 The role of the oceans in geochemical cycles
1.1.1 Marine hydrothermal systems
1.1.2 Rare Earth Elements in the seawater
1.2 Fractionation in Earth Sciences
1.2.1 Thermodynamic equilibrium
1.2.2 Kinetic aspects
1.2.3 Isotopic ratios and fractionation
2 Isotopic fractionation during seawater-basalt interaction: Sr
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Experimental design
2.2.2 Reactants
2.2.3 Analytical methods
2.2.4 Thermodynamic calculations
2.2.5 Uncertainties
2.3 Results
2.3.1 Evolution of the liquid composition during the experiments
2.3.2 Solid alteration products
2.4 Discussion
2.4.1 Chemical exchange
2.4.2 Strontium isotopic exchange
2.4.3 Implications for the marine Sr budget
2.5 Conclusion
3 Isotopic fractionation during seawater-basalt interaction: Mg
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Experimental design
3.2.2 Analytical methods
3.3 Results
3.3.2 Solid alteration products
3.4 Discussion
3.4.1 Alteration reactions
3.4.2 Magnesium isotope fractionation
3.4.3 Consequences for the marine Mg isotopic budget
3.5 Conclusion
4 An experimental study of hydroxylbastnasite solubility in aqueous solutions at 25 C
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methods
4.2.1 Synthesis of starting materials
4.2.2 Experimental design
4.2.3 Analytical methods
4.2.4 Thermodynamic modelling
4.3 Results
4.3.1 Evolution of aqueous solution compositions and solids
4.3.2 Stoichiometry of dissolution
4.3.3 Solubility product calculations
4.4 Discussion
4.4.1 Comparison to fluorobastnasite
4.4.2 Comparison to monazite
4.5 Conclusions
5 The experimental determination of REE partition coefficients in the water-calcite system
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Theoretical background
5.2.1 Thermodynamic description of the partitioning of REEs between calcite and co-existing fluids
5.2.2 Thermodynamic modelling
5.3 Methods
5.3.1 Experimental design
5.3.2 Analytical methods
5.3.3 Uncertainties and statistical criteria
5.4 Results
5.4.1 Characteristics of the solids
5.4.2 Attainment of steady-state reactive fluid compositions and retrieved precipitation rates
5.4.3 REE partition coefficients between aqueous solution and calcite
5.5 Discussion
5.5.1 REEs exchange reactions in the aqueous fluid and calcite system
5.5.2 Differences between the partitioning behaviour of the individual REEs
5.5.3 Variation of REE partitioning as function of precipitation rate .
5.5.4 Inhibition of calcite growth by aqueous REE
5.5.5 REE partitioning in seawater
5.6 Conclusions
6.1 Suggestions for future research
6b Conclusions générales (version française)
6b.1 Suggestions pour des recherches futures
Bibliography
