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Table of contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)
1.1.1 Waste tire and its reutilization
1.1.2 Surface modification of GTR
1.1.3 Devulcanization of GTR
1.1.4 Plastics/GTR blends
1.2 Introduction to polystyrene (PS)
1.2.1 Polystyrene structure
1.2.2 General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS)
1.2.3 High Impact-Modified Polystyrene (HIPS)
1.2.4 PS/plastics blends
1.2.5 Rubber modified PS
1.2.6 GTR toughened PS
1.3 Introduction to GTR/PS blends using a twin screw extruder
1.3.1 Screw profile
1.3.2 Screw speed
1.3.3 Barrel temperature
1.4 Introduction to the free radical polymerization kinetics of styrene
1.4.1 Free radical polymerization mechanism of styrene
1.4.2 Model of the polymerization kinetics of styrene
1.4.3 Literature on the graft polymerization of styrene onto rubber
1.5 Introduction Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
1.5.1 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
1.5.2 Back Propagation network
Conclusions
Chapter 2 Experimental
2.1 Experimental Procedure
2.1.1 Materials
2.1.2 Experimental steps
2.1.3 Soxhlet extraction procedure
2.1.4 Solvent selection for GTR particle swelling
2.1.5 GTR particle size measurement procedure
2.1.6 Conversion measurement procedure
2.1.7 Grafting extent measurement procedure
2.2 Characterization Methods
2.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.2.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.2.3 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
2.2.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis (DSC)
2.2.5 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
2.2.6 Particle Size Distribution (PSD) by Malvern Mastersizer
2.2.7 Mechanical Testing
2.3 Extrusion of PS/GTR blends
2.3.1 Screw profile
2.3.2 Barrel temperature and screw speed
Chapter 3 A Comprehensive Kinetic Model for Polymerization of Styrene with Ground Tire Rubber
3.1 Overall kinetic scheme
3.1.1 Initiation Reactions
3.1.2 Propagation Reactions
3.1.3 Chain Transfer Reaction
3.1.4 Termination Reactions
3.2 Polymerization rate functions
3.3 Reactor design equations
3.3.1 Initiator, I
3.3.2 Monomer, M
3.3.3 Primary radical, PR
3.3.4 Rubber primary radical, GPR
3.3.5 Diels-Alder adduct, AH
3.3.6 Styryl radical, MR
3.3.7 1-Phenyl tetraryl radical, AR
3.3.8 ‘live’ and ‘dead’ polymer chain moments
3.3.λ ‘live’ and ‘dead’ graft polymer chain moments
3.3.10 Reactor volume, V
3.4 Polymer Properties
3.4.1 Monomer conversion, X
3.4.2 Graft efficiency, GE
3.4.3 Number and weight – average molecular weight of free polymer
3.4.4 Number and weight – average molecular weight of graft polymer
3.5 Diffusion controlled reactions
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Polymerization of styrene inside cross-linked GTR particles
4.1.1 Characterization of GTR-g-PS particles
4.1.2 Conversion and GE results
4.1.3 Mn and Mw of free PS
4.1.4 Effect of GTR-g-PS particles on the mechanical properties, compatibility and morphology of GTR/PS blends
4.1.5 Effects of the number of extrusion passage on the mechanical properties, size and shape of the GTR-g-PS particles
4.2 Polymerization of styrene onto GTR particles
4.2.1 SEM micrographs of GTR-g-PS particles
4.2.2 Effect of GTR content on the polymerization of styrene onto GTR particles
4.2.3 Effect of initiator concentration on the polymerization of styrene onto GTR particles
4.2.4 Effect of BPO/DCP on the polymerization of styrene onto GTR particles .
4.2.5 Effect of reaction conditions on the glass transition temperature of GTR-g- PS particles
4.2.6 Effect of reaction conditions on thermal stability of GTR-g-PS particles
4.2.7 Effects of number of extrusion passage on the mechanical properties and size of the GTR-g PS particles
4.3 ANNs model and kinetic model
4.3.1 Experimental design
4.3.2 Results of ANNs model
4.3.3 Results of kinetic model
Conclusions
Chapter 5 Conclusions
Reference
