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Table of contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Paleo sea level
1.2 Instrumental era sea level
1.2.1 Tide gauge records
1.2.2 Satellite altimetry
1.3 Contributors to global mean sea level rise during the instrumental era
1.3.1 Ocean temperature and salinity changes
1.3.2 Glaciers melting
1.3.3 Ice sheets
1.3.4 Land waters
1.4 Thesis objectives
Chapter 2 Multi satellite altimetry record and global mean sea level budget
2.1 Evolution of altimetry satellites
2.1.1 Principle of satellite altimetry
2.1.2 Corrections involved in Sea Surface Height measurement
1) Orbital correction
2) Propagation corrections
a) Ionosphere correction
b) Wet troposphere correction
c) Dry troposphere correction
3) Geophysical corrections
a) Ocean, solid Earth tidal and loading corrections
b) Polar tidal correction
4) Surface corrections
a) Inverse barometric (IB) correction
b) Sea State Bias (SSB) correction
5) Other potential errors
2.1.3 Multi-mission SSH altimetry data
2.1.4 SARAL-AltiKa, the new altimetry mission
2.2 Global mean sea level (GMSL) budget since altimetry era
2.2.1 Future needs
Chapter 3 Regional sea level variability and total relative sea level change
3.1 Regional sea level trend variability: Causes
3.1.1 Climate related regional sea level variability
1) Thermal expansion and salinity changes
2) Ocean mass changes
3.1.2 Non climatic causes for regional sea level variability
3.1.3 Vertical Land Motions
3.2 Long term regional sea level variability, total relative sea level change and coastal impacts
3.2.1 Indian Ocean
3.2.2 Caribbean Sea
3.2.3 South China Sea
3.2.4 The vulnerable zones: a synthesis
Chapter 4 The role of internal climate variability and external forcing on regional sea level variations
4.1 Internal climate variability
4.1.1 El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
4.1.2 Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)/ Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO)
4.1.3 Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
4.1.4 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
4.1.5 Other modes of internal climate variability
4.2 Externally-forced climate variability
4.2.1 Natural external forcing
4.2.2 Anthropogenic external forcing
4.3 Detection and attribution of climate change
4.3.1 Detection and attribution on global mean sea level variations
4.3.2 Detection and attribution on regional sea level variability
4.4 The case of the Pacific Ocean
4.5 Role of external anthropogenic forcing on internal climate modes – A synthesis
4.6 Internal climate variability uncertainty in CMIP5 models
Conclusion and perspectives
