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Table of contents
CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW
I.1. Wood as renewable resource
I.2. Anatomical structure of wood
I.2.1 Cross section of wood
I.2.2 Structural differences of softwoods and hardwoods
I.2.3 The wood cell walls
I.3. The chemical composition of wood
I.3.1 Cellulose
I.3.2 Hemicellulose
I.3.3 Other minor polysaccharides
I.3.4 Lignin
I.3.5 Extractives
I.4. Natural properties of wood
I.4.1 The interaction wood-water
I.4.1.1 Fiber saturation point
I.4.1.2 Equilibrium moisture content
I.4.1.3 Sorption isotherm
I.4.1.4 Dimensional instability
I.4.1.5 Water repellency
I.4.2 Mechanical properties of wood
I.4.3 Wood degradation by biological agents
I.4.3.1 White rot
I.4.3.2 Brown rot
I.4.3.3 Soft rot
I.4.3.4 Tunneling bacteria
I.4.3.5 Insect
I.4.3.6 Marine organism
I.5. The need for wood modification
I.5.1 Biocide-based wood treatments
I.5.2 Wood Modification
I.5.2.1 Thermal wood modification
a. Structural defects (micro and macro)
b. Changes in chemical composition and ultra-structure of thermally modified wood
1) Hemicellulose
2) Cellulose
3) Lignin
4) Extractive
c. Mass loss by thermal modification
d. Water related properties
e. Dimensional changes
f. Mechanical properties
g. Biological durability
I.5.2.2 Chemical wood modification
I.5.2.3 Impregnation modification
a. Wood modification with polyglycerol-maleic anhydride
b. Wood modification with polyglycerol-glycidyl methacrylate
c. Wood modification based on combination of chemical polymer and thermal modification
d. Wood modification based on in-situ esterification of citric acid and sorbitol
CHAPTER II: WOOD MODIFICATION BASED ON COMBINATION OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT USING GLYCEROL AND POLYGLYCEROL DERIVATIVES AND THERMAL MODIFICATION IN OPENED SYSTEM
II.1. Introduction
II.2. Results
II.2.1 Paper 1
a. Introduction
b. Paper 1 “Comparison of different treatments based on glycerol or polyglycerol additives to improve properties of thermally modified wood”
c. Conclusion
II.2.2 Paper 2
a. Introduction
b. Paper 2 “Non-biocide antifungal and anti-termite treatments based on combinations of thermal modification with different chemical additives”
c. Conclusion
II.2.3 Paper 3
a. Introduction
b. Paper 3 “Resistance against Subterranean Termite of Beech Wood impregnated with different derivatives of Glycerol or Polyglycerol and Maleic Anhydride followed by Thermal Modification- A Field Test Study”
c. Conclusion
II.3. Conclusion
Chapter III: WOOD MODIFICATION BASED ON COMBINATION OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT USING GLYCEROL AND POLYGLYCEROL DERIVATIVES AND THERMAL MODIFICATION IN OPENED AND CLOSED SYSTEM, UPSCALING PROCESS
III.1. Introduction
III.2. Results
III.2.1 Paper 4
a. Introduction
b. Paper 4 “Wood Modification Based on Glycerol maleate and Maleic Anhydride under Opened and Closed System”
c. Conclusion
III.2.2 Paper 5
a. Introduction
b. The Up-scaling treatments
c. Paper 5 “Properties of Thermo-chemically Modified Wood base on Vinylicglycerol and Vinylicpolyglycerol Derivative under Oven heating (OHT) in Opened System and Heat Pressurized Steam (HPS) in Closed system”
d. Conclusion
III.3. Conclusion
CHAPTER IV: WOOD MODIFICATION BASED ON IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION OF SORBITOL AND CITRIC ACID IN OPENED SYSTEM
IV.1. Introduction
IV.2. Results
IV.2.1 Paper 6
a. Introduction
b. Paper 6 “Beech wood modification based on in-situ esterification with sorbitol and citric acid”
c. Conclusion
IV.3. Conclusion
GENERAL CONCLUSION
