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Table of contents
1 INTRODUCTION
2 BACKGROUND: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The context of soil erosion and its on-site and off-site impacts
2.2 Sediment discharge monitoring to understand the erosion processes in the catchment scale
2.3 Challenges associated with the sediment fingerprinting technique under different environmental conditions
2.4 References
3 HYPOTHESIS
4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
4.1 Aim
4.2 Objectives
5 MATERIALS AND METHODS
5.1 Study catchments
5.2 Conceição River catchment
5.3 Ibirapuitã River catchment
5.4 Sediment source sampling
5.5 Sediment sampling
5.6 Soils and sediment analysis
5.6.1 Sample preparation
5.6.2 Biogeochemical analysis
5.6.3 Magnetic susceptibility analysis
5.6.4 Radionuclide analyses
5.6.5 Ultra-violet-visible, near and mid infrared diffuse reflectance analysis
5.6.5.1 Ultra-violet-visible diffuse reflectance analysis
5.6.5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis
5.7 Sediment source discrimination and apportionment
5.8 References
6 Chapter 1. Sediment fingerprinting using geochemical tracers: a global meta-analysis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methodology
6.2.1 Review strategy
6.2.2 Data base and analysis
6.3 Results and discussion
6.3.1 Literature overview
6.3.2 Methodological aspects
6.3.3 Geochemical elements as sediment source tracers
6.4 Conclusions
6.5 References
7 Chapter 2. Combining spectroscopy and magnetism with geochemical tracers to improve the discrimination of sediment sources in a homogeneous subtropical catchment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methodology
7.2.1 Study site
7.2.2 Source and sediment sampling
7.2.3 Source and sediment analyses
7.2.3.1 Geochemical properties
7.2.3.2 Magnetic properties
7.2.3.3 Ultraviolet-visible analysis and parameters calculation
7.2.4 Sediment source discrimination and apportionment
7.3 Results
7.3.1 Selection of sediment tracers
7.3.2 Model results for each approach
7.4 Discussion
7.4.1 Tracer selection and discrimination between sources
7.4.2 Mixing model results
7.5 Conclusions
7.6 References
8 Chapter 3. Sediment sources tracing using different spectral ranges, multivariate models and spectral pre-processing techniques in a homogeneous subtropical catchment in Sou
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methodology
8.2.1 Study site
8.2.2 Source and sediment sampling
8.2.3 Artificial mixtures and sediment analyses
8.2.3.1 Artificial mixtures of sediment sources
8.2.3.2 Spectral analyses
8.2.4 Spectral pre-processing techniques and multivariate model calibration and validation
8.2.5 Building spectroscopy models for different sediment sources
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.3.1 Multivariate model calibration
8.3.1.1 Effect of multivariate models
8.3.1.2 Effect of pre-processing techniques
8.3.1.3 Effect of spectral ranges
8.3.1.4 Effect of number of sediment source considered
8.3.2 Sediment source contributions
8.4 Conclusions
8.5 References
9 Chapter 4. The conversion of native grassland into cropland in the Pampa biome (Southern Brazil) is increasing suspended sediment supply to river systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methodology
9.2.1 Study site
9.2.2 Sediment source sampling
9.2.3 Sediment sampling
9.2.4 Source and sediment analysis
9.2.4.1 Total organic matter composition
9.2.4.2 Ultra-violet-visible derived parameters
9.2.4.3 Fallout radionuclides analysis
9.2.4.4 Sediment source discrimination and apportionment
9.3 Results
9.3.1 Monitoring results and suspended sediment characteristics
9.3.2 Source and sediment properties
9.3.2.1 Organic matter composition
9.3.2.2 Fallout radionuclide activities
9.3.2.3 UV derived parameters
9.3.3 Selection of sediment tracers
9.3.4 Sediment source apportionment
9.4 Discussion
9.4.1 Source and sediment samples composition
9.4.2 Sediment source contribution
9.5 Conclusions
9.6 References
10 Chapter 5. Spectroscopy-based tracing of sediment sources in a large heterogeneous catchment with different geologies of the Pampa Biome (Ibirapuitã River, Southern Brazil)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Methodology
10.2.1 Study site
10.2.2 Source and sediment sampling
10.2.3 Artificial mixtures and sediment analyses
10.2.3.1 Artificial mixtures of sediment sources
10.2.3.2 Spectral analyses
10.2.4 Spectral pre-processing techniques and multivariate model calibration and validation
10.2.5 Building spectroscopy models for different sediment sources
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.3.1 Multivariate model calibration
10.3.1.1 Effect of multivariate models
10.3.1.2 Effect of pre-processing techniques
10.3.1.3 Effect of spectral ranges
10.3.1.4 Effect of number of sediment source considered
10.3.2 Sediment source contributions
10.4 Conclusions
10.5 References
11 Chapter 6. Sediment fingerprinting in the Uruguay River basin – General Discussion
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Conceição River catchment
11.3 Ibirapuitã River catchment
11.4 Uruguay River basin
11.4.1 Methodology
11.4.1.1 Source and sediment analyses
11.4.1.2 Magnetic susceptibility
11.4.1.3 Sediment source discrimination and apportionment
11.4.2 Results and Discussion
11.5 Final conclusions and perspectives for future studies
11.6 References
