Transmission electron microscopy

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Table of contents

Chapter 1 Basic properties of copper oxides and their application in low cost solar cells
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic physical properties of copper oxides
1.2.1 Crystal structure
1.2.2 Optical properties and band structures
1.2.2.1 Cu2O
1.2.2.2 Cu4O3
1.2.2.3 Monoclinic CuO
1.2.2.4 Tetragonal CuO
1.2.3 Electrical properties and defect mechanism
1.2.4 Debating issues
1.2.4.1 n-type Cu2O: fact or fiction?
1.2.4.2 Oxygen vacancy charge in Cu2O: positive or neutral?
1.3 Synthesis methods
1.4 Recent progress of copper oxides based solar cells
1.4.1 Advantages of copper oxides
1.4.2 Poor performance of Cu2O-based solar cells
1.5 Chapter conclusions
Chapter 2 Experimental and calculational details
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Thin film growth
2.3 Thin film characterization
2.3.1 X-ray diffraction
2.3.2 Raman spectrometry
2.3.3 Hall effect measurements
2.3.4 Transmission electron microscopy
2.3.5 Electron energy loss spectroscopy
2.3.6 Photoemission spectroscopy
2.4 Theoretical calculation method
2.5 Chapter conclusions
Chapter 3 Tuning the structure and preferred orientation in reactively sputtered copper oxide thin films
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Structure of copper oxide thin films
3.2.1 Effect of the oxygen flow rate
3.2.2 Effect of the total pressure
3.3 Tuning the preferred orientation in copper oxide thin films
3.3.1 Effect of the substrate nature
3.3.2 Preferred orientation of Cu2O thin films
3.3.3 Preferred orientation of Cu4O3 thin films
3.3.4 Preferred orientation of CuO thin films
3.3.5 Discussion about the preferred orientation in copper oxide thin films
3.4 Evidence of a local homoepitaxial growth mechanism in copper oxide thin films
3.4.1 Study of Cu2O thin films
3.4.2 Can the local homoepitaxial growth be extended to Cu4O3 or CuO?
3.5 Local heteroepitaxial growth of NiO on Cu2O
3.6 Chapter conclusions
Chapter 4 Self-assembled growth of vertically aligned columnar copper oxide nanocomposite thin films on unmatched substrates
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Vertically aligned columnar growth in biphase Cu2O and Cu4O3 thin films
4.2.1 Identifying the phases by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectrometry
4.2.2 Cross-sectional microstructure of biphase Cu2O and Cu4O3 thin films
4.2.3 Top-view microstructure of biphase Cu2O and Cu4O3 thin films
4.2.3 Discussion on the vertically aligned columnar growth mechanism
4.3 Electrical properties of biphase Cu2O + Cu4O3 thin films
4.4 Chapter Conclusions
Chapter 5 Optical properties and electronic structure of copper oxide thin films
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Transmittance enhancement and optical bandgap widening of Cu2O thin films after air annealing
5.2.1 Phase structure evolution
5.2.2 Transmittance enhancement of air annealed Cu2O thin films
5.2.3 Band gap widening of air annealed Cu2O thin films
5.2.4 Photoluminesence analyses on Cu2O thin films
5.3 Electronic structure of binary copper oxide thin films
5.3.1 Band gap
5.3.2 Valence band electronic structure
5.3.3 XPS core level and EELS spectra
5.3.4 Conduction band electronic structure
5.4 Chapter conclusions
Conclusions and outlook
Bibliography