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Table of contents
CHAPTER 1 – SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND
1.1 Cooling water systems in power supply facilities
1.1.1 Types of condensers
1.1.2 Types of cooling waters
1.1.3 Constituent materials of cooling water systems
1.1.4 Cooling water systems operating problems
1.1.5 Cooling circuits tubes cleaning methods
1.1.6 Chlorination
1.2 Corrosion of copper and its alloys in aqueous environments
1.2.1 Galvanic corrosion
1.2.2 Pitting corrosion
1.2.3 Dealloying
1.2.4 Ammonia attack
1.2.5 Sulfide attack
1.2.6 Erosion-corrosion
1.2.7 Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC)
1.3 Effect of different parameters on the corrosion behavior of 70Cu-30Ni alloy and Al brass
1.3.1 Effect of iron and nickel
1.3.2 Effect of temperature
1.3.4 Effect of pH
1.3.4 Effect of oxygen content
1.3.5 Effect of polluted seawater
1.3.6 Effect of water velocity
1.3.7 Effect of seawater treatments
1.3.8 Effect of suspended particles and mud
1.3.9 Effect of biomolecules
1.4 Aim of this thesis and research strategy
1.5 Thesis outline
CHAPTER 2 – MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Studied metallic materials and electrolytes
2.1.1 Metallic materials
2.1.1.1 Field experiments – electrodes and surface preparation
2.1.1.2 Laboratory experiments – electrodes and surface preparation
2.1.2 Electrolytes
2.1.2.1 Field experiments
2.2 Experimental methods
2.2.1 Field experiments
2.2.1.1 On-line measurements
2.2.1.2 Off-line measurements
2.2.2 Laboratory experiments
2.2.2.1 Electrochemical measurements
CHAPTER 3 – COPPER ALLOYS IN REAL INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS: CORROSION AND MICROBIOLOGY
3.1 Power plants characteristics
3.1.1 Tests on the Tyrrhenian coast
3.1.2 Tests on the Adriatic coast
3.2 Electrochemical tools
3.2.1 Corrosion rate
3.2.2 Biofilm growth
3.2.3 Chlorination treatments
3.2.4 Other physico-chemical parameters
3.3 Results of the monitoring campaign
3.3.1 70Cu-30Ni alloy – Online measurements
3.3.2 Al brass – Online measurements
3.3.3 70Cu-30Ni alloy and Al brass – Off-line measurements
3.3.3.1 Visual observations
3.3.3.2 Weight loss measurements
3.3.3.3 Microbiological analyses
3.4 Conclusions
CHAPTER 4 – EFFECT OF SOLUTION AND BIOMOLECULE CONCENTRATION
4.1 Results
4.1.1 Electrochemical measurements
4.1.1.1 Corrosion potential (Ecorr) vs time
4.1.1.2 Cathodic and anodic polarization curves
4.1.1.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
4.1.2 Surface analysis
4.1.2.1 Equations necessary for XPS data processing
4.1.2.2 Results
4.2 Discussion
4.2.1 Surface layers models (combined XPS and ToF-SIMS)
4.2.2 Composition of the organic layers (XPS)
4.2.3 Corrosion mechanism
4.2.4 Impedance model for 70Cu-30Ni and EIS data fitting
4.3 Conclusions
CHAPTER 5 – EFFECT OF HYDRODYNAMICS
5.1 Static conditions vs under flow and stirring – Results
5.1.1 Electrochemical measurements
5.1.2 Surface analysis
5.1.2.1 Surface layers models (combined XPS and ToF-SIMS) M.L.CARVALHO
5.2 Electrochemical measurements using a RRE
5.2.1 Theory for a Rotating Ring Electrode
5.2.2 Results
5.2.2.1 70Cu-30Ni
5.2.2.1.1 Corrosion potential (Ecorr) vs time
5.2.2.1.2 Cathodic polarization curves
5.2.2.1.3 Levich and Koutecky-Levich curves
5.2.2.1.4 Anodic polarization curves
5.2.2.1.5 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
5.2.2.1.6 EIS data fitting
5.2.2.2 Al brass
5.2.2.2.1 Corrosion potential (Ecorr) vs time
5.2.2.2.2 Cathodic and anodic polarization curves
5.2.2.2.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
5.2.2.2.4 Impedance model for Al brass and EIS data fitting
5.3 Conclusions
CHAPTER 6 – EFFECT OF PH
6.1 70Cu-30Ni
6.1.1 Electrochemical measurements
6.1.1.1 Corrosion potential (Ecorr) vs time
6.1.1.2 Cathodic polarization curves
6.1.1.3 Anodic polarization curves
6.1.1.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
6.1.1.5 EIS data fitting
6.1.2 Surface analysis
6.1.2.1 Results
6.1.2.2 Surface layers models (combined XPS and ToF-SIMS)
6.1.2.3 Composition of the organic layers (XPS)
6.2 Al brass
6.2.1 Electrochemical measurements
6.2.1.1 Corrosion potential (Ecorr) vs time
6.2.1.2 Cathodic polarization curves
6.2.1.3 Anodic polarization curves
6.2.1.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
6.2.1.5 EIS data fitting
6.2.2 Surface analysis
6.2.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2.2 Results
6.2.2.3 Surface layers models (combined XPS and ToF-SIMS)
6.3 Conclusions
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
