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Table of contents
1 Background on Hearing
1.1 Ear Physiology
1.1.1 Body and Outer Ear
1.1.2 Middle Ear
1.1.3 Inner Ear
1.2 Integration of Sound Pressure Level
1.2.1 Hearing Area and Loudness
1.2.2 Temporal and Frequency Masking Phenomena
1.2.3 Critical Bands
1.3 Auditory Scene Analysis
1.3.1 General Acoustic Regularities used for Primitive Segregation
1.3.2 Apparent Motion and Auditory Streaming
1.3.3 The Principle of Exclusive Allocation
1.3.4 The Phenomenon of Closure
1.3.5 Forces of Attraction
1.4 Spatial Hearing
1.4.1 Localization in Azimuth
1.4.2 Localization in Elevation
1.4.3 Localization in Distance
1.4.4 Apparent Source Width
1.4.5 Localization Performance
1.4.6 Binaural Unmasking
1.5 Localization Cues in Auditory Scene Analysis
1.5.1 Sequential Integration
1.5.2 Simultaneous Integration
1.5.3 Interactions Between Sequential and Simultaneous Integrations
1.5.4 Speech-Sound Schemata
1.6 Conclusions
2 State-of-the-Art of Spatial Audio Coding
2.1 Representation of Spatial Audio
2.1.1 Waveform Digitization
2.1.2 Higher-Order Ambisonics
2.2 Coding of Monophonic Audio Signals
2.2.1 Lossless Coding
2.2.2 Lossy Coding
2.3 Lossless Matrixing
2.3.1 Mid/Side Stereo Coding
2.3.2 Meridian Lossless Packing
2.4 Lossy Matrixing
2.4.1 Perceptual Mid/Side Stereo Coding
2.4.2 Matrix Encoding
2.4.3 Matrixing Based on Channel Covariance
2.5 Parametric Spatial Audio Coding
2.5.1 Extraction of the Spatial Parameters
2.5.2 Computation of the Downmix Signal
2.5.3 Spatial Synthesis
2.5.4 Quantization of the Spatial Parameters
2.6 Conclusions
3 Spatial Blurring
3.1 Motivations
3.2 Terms and Definitions
3.3 Paradigm for MAA Assessment
3.4 Stimuli
3.5 Subjects, Rooms and General Setup
3.6 Experiment 1: Spatial Blurring From One Distracter
3.6.1 Setup
3.6.2 Procedure
3.6.3 Data Analysis and Results
3.7 Experiment 2: Effect of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio
3.7.1 Setup
3.7.2 Procedure
3.7.3 Tasks
3.7.4 Adaptive Method Setup
3.7.5 Data Analysis and Results
3.8 Experiment 3: Effect of the Distracter Position
3.8.1 Setup
3.8.2 Procedure
3.8.3 Data Analysis and Results
3.8.4 Validity of Our Experimental Protocol
3.9 Experiment 4: Interaction Between Multiple Distracters
3.9.1 Setup
3.9.2 Procedure
3.9.3 Data Analysis and Results
3.10 Summary and Conclusions
4 Towards a Model of Spatial Blurring and Localization Blur
4.1 Assumptions
4.2 Formalism and Overview
4.3 Computation of Masking Thresholds
4.4 Reference Value of Spatial Blurring
4.5 Accounting for the Effect of SNR
4.6 Additivity of Distracters
4.7 Resulting Localization Blur
4.8 Simplification of the Model
4.9 Conclusions
5 Multichannel Audio Coding Based on Spatial Blurring
5.1 Dynamic Bit Allocation in Parametric Schemes
5.1.1 Principle Overview
5.1.2 Use of our Psychoacoustic Model of Spatial Blurring
5.1.3 Bit Allocation of the Spatial Parameters
5.1.4 Transmission and Bitstream Unpacking
5.1.5 Informal Listening
5.2 Dynamic Truncation of the HOA Order
5.2.1 Spatial Distortions Resulting from Truncation
5.2.2 Principle Overview
5.2.3 Modes Of Operation
5.2.4 Time-Frequency Transform
5.2.5 Spatial Projection
5.2.6 Spatio-Frequency Analysis
5.2.7 Psychoacoustic Model
5.2.8 Space Partitioning
5.2.9 Space Decomposition
5.2.10 HOA Order Truncation
5.2.11 Bit-Quantization by Simultaneous Masking
5.2.12 Bitstream Generation
5.2.13 Decoding
5.3 Conclusions
