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Table of contents
CHAPTER I. LITERATURE REVIEW
I.1 OVERVIEW ON HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM SOLID WASTE
I.1.1 Hydrogen as an ideal energy carrier
I.1.2 Hydrogen production by biological ways, so-called biohydrogen
I.1.2.1 Direct biophotolysis processes
I.1.2.2 Indirect biophotolysis process
I.1.2.3 Photofermentative processes
I.1.2.4 Dark fermentation processes
I.1.3 Main microbial pathways producing biohydrogen by dark fermentation
I.1.4 Involvement of hydrogenases as electron and proton flux regulators
I.1.4.1 Structures, localizations and functions of hydrogenases
I.1.4.2 Factors influencing the hydrogenase activity
I.1.5 Potentiality of available feedstock for bioH2 production
I.1.5.1 Crop Residues
I.1.5.2 Animal manure – livestock waste
I.1.5.3 Food waste
I.1.5.4 A model substrate: the Jerusalem artichoke plant
I.2 DARK FERMENTATION PROCESS ENGINEERING WITH TARGET OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
I.2.1 Operation parameters
I.2.1.1 pH
I.2.1.2 Biohydrogen Partial Pressure
I.2.1.3 Temperature
I.2.1.4 Hydraulic Retention Time
I.2.1.5 Organic loading rate (OLR)
I.2.2 Bioreactor configuration
I.2.2.1 The dark fermentation processes within the biorefinery concept
I.2.2.2 Coupling dark fermentation to anaerobic digestion (methane production)
I.2.2.3 Coupling dark fermentation to photofermentation
I.2.2.4 Coupling dark fermentation to microbial electrochemical cells
I.3 MICROBIOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE
I.3.1 The biohydrogen producers
I.3.2 H2 consumers and metabolic competitors
I.3.2.1 Homoacetogenic bacteria
I.3.2.2 Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
I.3.2.3 Methanogens
I.3.2.4 Lactic Acid Bacteria
I.4 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 97
II.1 ORGANIC SUBSTRATE SOURCES AND PREPARATION
II.1.1 Substrates used in the Biochemical Hydrogen Potential (BHP) tests
II.1.2 Preparation of substrate feeding solution for continuous hydrogen production in CSTR
II.2 BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES USED FOR BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION
II.2.1 Biological Hydrogen Potential (BHP) test
II.2.2 Operation of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) for bioHydrogen production
II.2.2.1 Instrumentation of CSTR bioreactors
II.2.2.2 Start-up and operation in CSTR bioreactors
II.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS
II.3.1 Physico-chemical characterization of the organic substrate
II.3.1.1 Total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS)
II.3.1.2 Determination of carbohydrate composition
II.3.1.3 Determination of protein composition
II.3.1.4 Substrate fractionation according to the Van Soest Method
II.3.2 Bioprocess parameters analysis
II.3.2.1 Biogas volume measurement and composition analysis
II.3.2.2 Metabolic end-product analysis
II.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES
II.4.1 Reactor sampling procedure
II.4.2 Molecular fingerprinting of microbial community
II.4.2.1 DNA extraction and purification
II.4.2.2 DNA amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction
II.4.2.3 CE-SSCP (Capillary Electrophoresis-single Strand Conformation Polymorphism)analysis
II.5 PROCESS MODELING
II.5.1 Hydrogen performance modeling of the BHP test
II.5.2 Multivariate analysis of experimental data and prediction of biological
hydrogen potential with PLS regression
CHAPTER III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
III.1 IMPACT OF ORGANIC SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE ON BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION
III.1.1 Optimization of the biochemical hydrogen potential (BHP) test
III.1.1.1 Impact of the type of buffer
III.1.1.2 Effect of MES buffer concentration
III.1.1.3 Effect of oligo-nutrients
III.1.1.4 Effect of organic load
III.1.1.5 Conclusion
III.1.2 BHP determination from organic solid substrates of various compositions and structures
III.1.2.1 Biochemical characterization of organic complex substrates
III.1.2.2 Biohydrogen production potentials from the organic solid substrates
III.1.2.3 End-products produced by different type of substrates
III.1.2.4 Substrate mapping considering biochemical composition, end-products and Hmax
III.1.2.5 Prediction model for biological hydrogen potentials
III.1.2.6 Fine characterization of carbohydrate composition by fractionation of lignocellulosic substrates and relationship with hydrogen potentials
III.1.3 Conclusion
III.2 CONTINUOUS FERMENTATIVE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND DYNAMICS USING A
SOLID SUBSTRATE: THE JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE TUBERS
III.2.1 Start up in batch of the CSTR
III.2.2 Hydrogen production at different organic loading rates
III.2.2.1 Results from stage 1 -reactor A
III.2.2.2 Results from stage 1 -reactor B
III.2.2.3 Results from stage 2-reactor A
III.2.2.4 Results from stage 2 – reactor B
III.2.2.5 Discussion on reactor A and B performances according to the organic loading rates
III.2.2.6 Relationship between hydrogen yields and metabolic pathways at different organic loading rates
III.2.3 Microbial community characterization and the dynamics of the continuous biohydrogen fermentation process
III.2.3.1 PCA analysis of CE-SSCP profiles
III.3 CONCLUSION
