Voltammetry and chronopotentiometry

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Table of contents

Chapter 1. Literature review
1.1 Ion-exchange membranes
1.1.1 The structure of ion-exchange membranes
1.1.2 Characterization of ion-exchange membranes
1.1.3 Methods of ion-exchange membrane modification
1.1.3.1 Chemical modification
1.1.3.2 Mechanical modification
1.1.3.3 Electrochemical deposition
1.2 Application of ion-exchange membranes
1.2.1 Conventional electrodialysis
1.2.2 Reverse electrodialysis
1.2.3 Electrodialysis metathesis
1.2.4 Bipolar membrane electrodialysis
1.2.5 Fuel cells
1.3 Concentration polarization and coupled effects of concentration polarization in electromembrane system
1.3.1 Concentration polarization in electromembrane system
1.3.2 Coupled effect of concentration polarization in electromembrane system
1.3.2.1 Water splitting
1.3.2.2 Gravitational convection
1.3.2.3 Electroconvection
1.3.3 Methods for studying the concentration polarization in an electromembrane system
1.3.3.1 Voltammetry
1.3.3.2 Chronopotentiometry
1.3.3.3 Experimental cells for voltammetry and chronopotentiometry
1.4 Fouling
1.4.1 Scale forming mechanisms
1.4.2 Methods for studying scaling on ion-exchange membranes
1.4.2.1 Visualization of ion-exchange membranes scaling
1.4.2.2 Membrane characteristics depending on scaling in electrodialysis
1.4.2.2.a Membrane thickness, scaling content, membrane electrical conductivity
1.4.2.2.b Voltammetry and chronopotentiometry
1.4.2.2.c Contact angles
1.4.2.3 X-ray diffraction analysis
1.4.3 Methods for prevention and control of ion-exchange membrane scaling
1.4.3.1 Ion-exchange membrane modification
1.4.3.2 Cleaning agents
1.4.3.3 Pretreatment: Pressure-driven membrane processes
1.4.3.4 Mechanical action
1.4.3.5 Changing regimes of electrodialysis treatment
1.4.3.5.a Control of hydrodynamic conditions
1.4.3.5.b Electrodialysis reversal
1.4.3.5.c Pulsed electric field
1.4.3.5.d Overlimiting current regime
1.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2. Effect of electrolyte nature and membrane surface properties on the development of electroconvection
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Experimental
2.2.1Protocol
2.2.2 Ion-exchange membranes
2.2.3 Materials
2.3. Results and discussion
2.3.1 Chronopotentiometry
2.3.2 Current–Voltage Characteristics
2.4 Conclusions
2.5 Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3. Effect of homogenization and hydrophobization of a cation-exchange membrane surface on its scaling in the presence of calcium and magnesium chlorides during electrodialysis 
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Experimental
3.2.1 Ion-exchange membranes
3.2.2 Protocol
3.3. Results and discussion
3.3.1 Theoretical value of the limiting current density
3.3.2 Chronopotentiometry
3.3.3 pH changes
3.3.4 Scaling formation
3.3.5 Voltammetry
3.4 Conclusions
3.5 Acknowledgments
3.6 Appendix
References
Chapter 4. Effect of electroconvection, pH adjustment and pulsed electric field on membrane scaling in electrodialysis
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Experimental
4.2.1. Membranes
4.2.2. Electrodialysis cell and experimental setup
4.2.3. Chronopotentiometric and voltammetry measurements
4.2.4. Analysis methods
4.3. Results and discussion
4.3.1 I-V curves
4.3.2 Chronopotentiograms
4.3.3 Scaling formation in constant current mode
4.3.4 Water splitting and effect of pH
4.3.5 Scale formation in PEF modes
4.4 Conclusions
4.5 Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5. Effect of surface modification of cation-exchange membrane with polyaniline on polarization characteristics and scale formation
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Experimental
5.2.1 Preparation of anisotropic MF-4SK/Polyaniline composites under the
conditions of an external electric field
5.2.2 Polarization behavior of anisotropic MF-4SK/PANI composites
5.3 Conclusions
5.4 Acknowledgments
References
Presentation of the article 2
5.5 Experimental
5.5.1 Membranes
5.5.2 Analyses
5.5.2.1 Membrane thickness
5.5.2.2. Membrane electrical conductivity
5.5.2.3. Contact angle measurements
5.5.3 Electrodialysis cell and experimental setup
5.5.4 Protocol
5.6 Results and discussion
5.6.1. Physico-chemical characteristics of ion-exchange membranes
5.6.2 Voltammetry
5.6.3 Chronopotentiometry
5.7 Conclusions
References