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CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter surveys the theory, development, and practice of Orthodox Psychotherapy as related to the treatment of spiritual / psychological disorders and pathologies. It summarizes and expands upon the exploratory studies of Bouton (2004) and DiLeo (2007), and addresses (a) the foundational presuppositions of Orthodox psychotherapeutic theory and practice; (b) the etiology of spiritual / psychological disorders and pathologies; (c) the ‘cycle of temptation’; (d) neptic treatment; and
(e) depressive symptomatology and comorbid anxiety from the perspectives of the DSM- IV and the Holy Fathers. The literature review provides a backdrop to the present study, which hypothesizes that Orthodox Psychotherapy, can play a central role in the treatment of depressive symptomatology and comorbid anxiety.
Foundational Presuppositions of Orthodox Psychotherapy
In contrast to Western psychologies and therapies, which are principally symptom-relief oriented, the treatment emphasis in Orthodox Psychotherapy is holistic. This approach has extensively established and confirmed benefits and was also once the unquestioned orthodoxy of the Western medical tradition for the two millennia prior to the nineteenth century (Hastings, Fadiman, & Gordon, 1980). According to Metropolitan Hierotheos Vlachos (1997), the foundational and critical tenent Orthodox Psychotherapy is that pathologies are the product of a darkened nous and an impure heart. When a person is inwardly healed, when the noetic part of the psyche is purified and nous is freed, spiritual, psychological, emotional, developmental and often, physical pathologies, disappear.
ABSTRACT
TEN KEY WORDS
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ACRONYMS
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Orthodox Psychotherapy
1.2 Rationale
1.3 Framework and Literature Review
1.4 Research Problem and Hypotheses
1.5 Thesis Statement
1.6 Aims of Research
1.7 Delimitation of Study
1.8 Research Design and Methodology
1.9 Definition of Terms and Concepts
1.9.1 Definition of Terms
1.9.2 Definition of Concepts
1.9.2.1 Dynamis and Energeia
1.9.2.2 Human Nature
1.9.2.3 The Human Psyche
1.9.2.4 The Human Spirit
1.9.2.5 The Image and Likeness
1.9.2.6 The Nature of Sin
1.9.2.7 The Passions
1.9.2.8 The Nature of Salvation
1.9.2.9 Hesychasm
1.9.2.10 Neptic Psychology
1.10 Researcher’s Background and Interests
1.11 Chapter Outline
1.12 Dissemination of Research
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The Foundational Presuppositions of Orthodox Psychotherapy
2.1.1 The Psyche and the Nous
2.1.2 Pathology
2.1.3 Fantasy
2.1.4 Emotions
2.2 Etiology of Disorders / Pathologies
2.3 The Cycle of Temptation
2.4 Neptic Treatment
2.4.1 Cognitive Interventions
2.4.2 Conative, Identity, and Self-Concept Interventions
2.4.3 Behavioral Interventions
2.4.4 Hesychia and the ‘Prayer of the Heart’
2.4.5 Overview of Neptic Treatment
2.5 Depression and Anxiety
2.5.1 Depressive Disorders in the DSM-IV
2.5.2 Anxiety Disorders in the DSM-IV
2.5.3 Depression and the Holy Fathers
2.5.4 Anxiety and the Holy Fathers
2.6 Summary
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Paradigm and Methodology
3.2 Research Validity / Reliability
3.3 Participants
3.4 Sample Size and Unobserved Heterogeneity in Causal Inference
3.5 Research Instruments
3.6 Ethical Considerations
3.7 Summary
CHAPTER IV: DATA, FINDINGS, AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Hypotheses
4.2 Findings
4.2.1 Pre-Treatment BDI
4.2.2 Pre-Treatment BAI
4.2.3 Neptic-Psychotherapeutic Treatment Compliance
4.2.4 Post-Treatment BDI
4.2.5 Post-Treatment
4.2.6 Pre-Treatment / Post-Treatment BDI and BAI Scores
4.3 Analyses and Evaluation of Findings
4.3.1 Pre-Treatment / Post-Treatment BDI
4.3.2 Pre-Treatment / Post-Treatment BAI
4.3.3 BDI and BAI® Scores vs. Treatment
4.3.4 Extraneous and Confounding Variables
4.4 Follow-up Interviews
4.4.1 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 1
4.4.2 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 2
4.4.3 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 3
4.4.4 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 4
4.4.5 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 5
4.4.6 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 6
4.4.7 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 7
4.4.8 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 8
4.4.9 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 9
4.4.10 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 10
4.4.11 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 11
4.4.12 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 12
4.4.13 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 13
4.4.14 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 14
4.4.15 Analysis of Responses: Participant No. 15
4.4.16 Summary of Follow-up Interviews
4.5 Conclusion
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Overview of Study
5.1.1 BDI Findings
5.1.2 BAI® Findings
5.1.3 Compliance Rates
5.1.4 Correlations
5.1.5 Follow-up Interviews
5.2 Conclusions
5.3 Implications
5.3.1 Implications for ‘Self Analysis’
5.3.2 Implications for Dialogical Explication
5.3.3 Implications for Psychotherapy and Psycho-Education
5.3.4 Summary
5.4 Limitations
5.5 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A. Part I: Informed Consent
B. Part II: Qualifying Information Questionnaire
C. Part III: Pre-Treatment Inventories
D. Part IV: Treatment Program
E. Part V: Treatment Monitoring
F. Part VI: Post-Treatment Inventories
G. Part VII: Follow-up Interviews
H. Vujisic Inventories
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Participants’ Demographic and Qualifying Information
Table 2 Pre-Treatment BDI Scores
Table 3 Pre-Treatment BDI Item Scores
Table 4 Pre-Treatment BAI® Scores
Table 5 Pre-Treatment BAI® Item Scores
Table 6 Participants’ Treatment Compliance
Table 7 Participant No. 1 Treatment Compliance (Orthodox Female)
Table 8 Participant No. 2 Treatment Compliance (Orthodox Male)
Table 9 Participant No. 3 Treatment Compliance (Orthodox Female)
Table 10 Participant No. 4 Treatment Compliance (Orthodox Female)
Table 11 Participant No. 5 Treatment Compliance (Orthodox Male)
Table 12 Participant No. 6 Treatment Compliance (Catholic Female)
Table 13 Participant No. 7 Treatment Compliance (Catholic Female)
Table 14 Participant No. 8 Treatment Compliance (Catholic Male)
Table 15 Participant No. 9 Treatment Compliance (Protestant Female)
Table 16 Participant No. 10 Treatment Compliance (Protestant Male)
Table 17 Participant No. 11 Treatment Compliance (Agnostic Female)
Table 18 Participant No. 12 Treatment Compliance (Agnostic Female)
Table 19 Participant No. 13 Treatment Compliance (Agnostic Male)
Table 20 Participant No. 14 Treatment Compliance (Agnostic Male)
Table 21 Participant No. 15 Treatment Compliance (Agnostic Male)
Table 22 Post-Treatment BDI Scores
Table 23 Post-Treatment BDI Item Scores
Table 24 Post-Treatment BAI® Scores
Table 25 Post-Treatment BAI® Item Scores
Table 26 Pre-Treatment / Post-Treatment BDI Scores
Table 27 Pre-Treatment / Post-Treatment BDI Item Scores
Table 28 Post-Treatment BAI® Scores
Table 29 Pre-Treatment / Post-Treatment BAI® Item Scores
Table 30 Pre-Treatment / Post-Treatment Scores and CRs
Table 31 Chi-Square Test: Treatment and BDI Scores
Table 32 Chi-Square Test: Treatment and BAI® Scores
Table 33 Participant No. 1 (Orthodox Female): R/SAR
Table 34 Participant No. 2 (Orthodox Male): R/SAR
Table 35 Participant No. 3 (Orthodox Female): R/SAR
Table 36 Participant No. 4 (Orthodox Female): R/SAR
Table 37 Participant No. 5 (Orthodox Male): R/SAR
Table 38 Participant No. 6 (Catholic Female): R/SAR
Table 39 Participant No. 7 (Catholic Female): R/SAR
Table 40 Participant No. 8 (Catholic Male): R/SAR
Table 41 Participant No. 9 (Protestant Female): R/SAR
Table 42 Participant No. 10 (Protestant Male): R/SAR
Table 43 Participant No. 11 (Agnostic Female): R/SAR
Table 44 Participant No. 12 (Agnostic Female): R/SAR
Table 45 Participant No. 13 (Agnostic Male): R/SAR
Table 46 Participant No. 14 (Agnostic Male): R/SAR
Table 47 Participant No. 15 (Agnostic Male): R/SAR
LIST OF ACRONYMS
Beck Anxiety Inventory
Beck Depression Inventory
Compliance Rate
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
King James Version
Null Hypothesis
Major Depressive Disorder
Non-Compliance
Non-Compliance Rate
Religious / Spiritual Activity Register
