THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY in Zimbabwe

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INTRODUCTION

The objective of this chapter is to present an overview and general background of social protection in Zimbabwe and the motivation for the research. The first years of independence saw the Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ) coming up with a number of policy initiatives meant to address the social and economic imbalances of the past. It should be noted that the policies and administrative structures the country inherited at independence were of a colonial nature and were crafted to perpetuate colonial rule. They advanced the interests of the white minority. The black majority were considered not only as second class citizens but also as a source of cheap labour. Owing to poverty and incapacitation, black Zimbabweans would continue to provide the colonial government with cheap labour. Colonial policies were discriminatory; hence the black majority was deliberately excluded from benefiting directly or indirectly from them. One such policy was the social security policy. It was strictly confined to the social welfare of a minority community. The attainment of independence in 1980 ushered in significant policy changes aimed at correcting social, economic and political imbalances that characterised the country‟s colonial history. This study analyses the social security policy of Zimbabwe. It examines how the problem of marginalisation and total exclusion of black Zimbabweans from social welfare programmes was addressed by the new government through the adoption of a new social security policy and how this policy relates to existing social protection strategies. The social security policy adopted by the GoZ in 1989 sought to alleviate poverty through empowering the once marginalised labour force. The Government was concerned with the plight of pensioners who could not afford privately run pension schemes. The colonial government had no social security provision for the workers and, by the time they became pensioners, they were already vulnerable to social insecurity owing to the absence of a sustainable income. Thus at independence the GoZ saw the urgent need for instituting social protection measures to protect not only the marginalised and vulnerable but also every citizen.

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Prior to independence, black Africans who had become destitute or had been made redundant in the formal sector of the economy had to be repatriated to their rural homes where they were expected to have a piece of land or relatives who could meet their social security need (Dhemba 1999:8). The natives were regarded as rural-based communities who were only temporary residents in urban areas. However, after independence, the Government enunciated a social security policy that does not discriminate people on racial grounds. Though not very comprehensive, the social security policy has been viewed as a step in the right direction. Part of the mandate of the Authority administering social security in Zimbabwe was to introduce more schemes suitable for the different segments of society thereby enhancing social protection coverage of the general populace.

Brief history of Zimbabwe

Although the study focuses on developments between 2005 and 2015, a historical background is required. It should be noted that a historical background is an essential component of any research in that it helps one locate the origins of current challenges and scenarios while at the same time it can be used as the foundation on which to anchor future public policy initiatives. A study of the historical background of Zimbabwe provides information necessary for the researcher in that the researcher is able to establish and contextualise the need for a variety of social security schemes and the rising need for social protection. The historical injustices of the past have a bearing on current and future public policies. Mlambo (2014:5) points out that before Zimbabwe became independent a racially based sociopolitical system prevailed throughout the colonial period in which whiteness was associated with power and privilege. The blacks were politically, economically and socially marginalised.

Internal settlement

The internal settlement of 1979 between Bishop Abel Muzorewa of the United African National Council (UANC), Ian Smith‟s RF and Ndabaningi Sithole‟s Zimbabwe African National Union (Ndonga) resulted in the birth of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia. Bishop Abel Muzorewa became the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia and adapted the constitution of the UDI. This internal agreement reached without the participation of both ZANU and ZAPU failed to receive international recognition as the liberation war continued to intensify. The omission of both ZANU and ZAPU meant that a ceasefire could not be achieved as the internal settlement was viewed as null and void. There was a need to involve leaders of ZANU and ZAPU, political parties that were then operating from exile. This agreement is described as the internal settlement because it was an agreement of political parties operating within the country. Their leadership was based in the country and they had neither the power nor influence to end the war.

DECLARATION
ABSTRACT
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL HISTORIOGRAPHY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1.2.1 Geographical location of Zimbabwe
1.2.2 Brief history of Zimbabwe
1.2.2.1 Internal settlement
1.2.2.2 The Lancaster House Agreement
1.2.2.3 Redressing colonial imbalances
1.2.3 Evolution of social security
1.2.4 Adoption of the national social security policy
1.2.5 Challenges facing the NSSA
1.3 MOTIVATION FOR THE RESEARCH
1.4 CLARIFICATION OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS
1.4.1 Administration
1.4.2 Public Administration/public administration
1.4.3 Public policy
1.4.4 Social policy
1.4.5 Social security
1.4.6 Social exclusion
1.4.7 Policy analysis
1.4.8 Policy making
1.4.9 Policy implementation
1.5 THE STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS
1.5.1 Chapter One: General historiography
1.5.2 Chapter Two: Research methodology
1.5.3 Chapter Three: Theoretical framework of public administration and public policy
1.5.4 Chapter Four: The social security system of Zimbabwe
1.5.5 Chapter Five: Analysis of the social security policy
1.5.6 Chapter Six: Conclusion and recommendations
1.6 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER TWO : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
2.3 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
2.4 TYPES OF RESEARCH
2.5 PROBLEM STATEMENT
2.5.1 Research question
2.6 THE OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
2.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
2.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
2.8.1 Funding
2.8.2 Time
2.8.3 Period covered by the study
2.8.4 Information
2.8.5 Validity of data
2.9 RESEARCH DESIGN
2.9.1 Quantitative research
2.9.2 Qualitative research
2.9.3 Grounded theory
2.9.4 Triangulation
2.10 SOURCES OF DATA
2.10.1 Population and sampling
2.11 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
2.11.1 Questionnaire
2.11.2 Observation
2.11.3 Case study
2.11.4 Focus group interviews
2.11.5 Interviews
2.11.6 Document analysis
2.12 DATA COLLECTION METHODS USED IN THIS STUDY
2.13 DATA ANALYSIS
2.14 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENTS
2.15 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
2.16 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER THREE :THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 THE IMPORTANCE OFA LITERATURE REVIEW
3.3 THE SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
3.3.1 Public administration
3.3.2 Public Administration
3.3.3 Public Administration: An art or a science?
3.3.4 Public administration and culture
3.4 THE EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
3.4.1 Politics-administration dichotomy
3.4.2 Scientific management
3.4.3 Identity crisis
3.4.4 Synthesis
3.4.5 New Public Management
3.4.6 Governance perspective
3.5 GENERIC ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS
3.5.1 Policy making and analysis
3.5.2 Organising
3.5.3 Financing
3.5.4 Staffing
3.5.5 Controlling
3.5.6 Determining work procedure
3.6.1 Categories of public policy
3.6.1.1 Distributive policy
3.6.1.2 Redistributive policy
3.6.1.3 Regulatory policy
3.6.1.4 Self-regulatory policy
3.6.2 The importance of public policy
3.6.3 Public policy making process
3.6.4 Public policy cycle
3.6.5 Public policy analysis
3.6.6 Models of public policy analysis
3.6.7 Identification of public policy issues
3.6.8 Successful policy implementation
3.7 SOCIAL POLICY
3.7.1 Aims of social policy
3.7.2 Models of social policy
3.7.2.1 Residual welfare model
3.7.2.2 Industrial achievement–performance model
3.7.2.3 Institutional redistributive model
3.8 SOCIAL SECURITY CONCEPT
3.8.1 Characteristics of social security
3.8.2 Meaning of social protection
3.8.2.1 Problem identification
3.8.2.2 Problem prioritisation
3.8.2.3 Social protection providers
3.8.3 Rationale for social security
3.8.4 Social protection mechanisms
3.8.5 Dimensions of social security systems
3.8.6 Ideological implications of social security
3.9 SOCIAL SECURITY AND DEVELOPMENT
3.9.1 Social assistance
3.9.2 Social insurance
3.9.3 Social allowances
3.9.4 Social security and gender
3.9.5 Social security and HIV
3.9.6 Child protection against malnutrition
3.9.7 Investments in agriculture
3.10 SOCIAL SECURITY IN BRAZIL
3.10.1 Historical background of social security in Brazil
3.10.2 Pillars for social protection in Brazil
3.10.3 Social insurance policy
3.10.4 Social assistance policy
3.10.5 Health policy
3.10.6 Social Security systems in Brazil
3.11 SOCIAL SECURITY IN TANZANIA
3.11.1 Tanzania‟s social security system
3.12 SOCIAL SECURITY IN SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES
3.12.1 The Scandinavian region
3.12.2 The Nordic social security model
3.12.3 Early social policies
3.12.4 Changes in perspective on social assistance
3.12.5 Lessons from the (desktop) case studies
3.13 PROSPECTS OF SOCIAL SECURITY
3.14 CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS OF SOCIAL SECURITY
3.15 DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL SECURITY
3.15.1 Poverty
3.15.2 Inequalities
3.15.3 Limited financial resources
3.15.4 Culture
3.15.5 Political will
3.15.6 Ideological issues
3.16 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER FOUR :THE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM OF ZIMBABWE
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL SECURITY
4.2.1 Pre-colonial era
4.2.2 Colonial era
4.2.3 Post-colonial era
4.3 EXISTING FORMAL SOCIAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS
4.3.1 Social insurance
4.4 THE NATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY POLICY OF ZIMBABWE
4.4.1 Pensions and Other Benefits Scheme
4.4.2 The Workers‟ Compensation Insurance Fund
4.5 ADMINISTRATION OF SOCIAL SECURITY SCHEMES
4.6 FUNCTIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF THE AUTHORITY
4.6.1 Functions of the Authority
4.6.2 Principles of NSSA
4.7 NSSA GENERAL REPORTS
4.7.1 Annual reports
4.7.2 Actuarial reviews
4.8 MANAGEMENT OF NSSA FUNDS
4.8.1 Investment of funds
4.9 PROMOTION OF SAFETY AT THE WORKPLACE
4.9.1 Offences and penalties
4.10 SCHEMES OUTSIDE NSSA‟S JURISDICTION
4.10.1 Social assistance
4.10.2 The Basic Education Assistance Module
4.10.3 Protection of vulnerable children
4.10.4 Assisted Medical Treatment Order
4.10.5 Food-for-work programme
4.10.6 War Victims Compensation
4.10.7 The occupational pension scheme
4.11 INFORMAL SOCIAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS
4.11.1 Zunde raMambo
4.11.2 Burial societies
4.11.3 Cooperatives
4.11.4 Churches
4.12 SOCIAL SECURITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
4.12.1 Structural Adjustment Programmes
4.12.2 War Veterans pay-outs
4.12.3 Fast-track land reform programme
4.12.4 Economic crisis
4.13 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER FIVE : ANALYSIS OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE FRAME
5.2.1 Sample composition
5.3 AGE COMPOSITION OF THE PARTICIPANTS
5.4 ABILITY TO PROVIDE SOCIAL PROTECTION
5.5 OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF THE POLICY
5.6 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN DECISION-MAKING
5.7 NSSA INVESTMENT PROGRAMMES
5.8 NSSA MEMBERSHIP
5.8.1 Willingness to maintain membership
5.8.2 Unwillingness to maintain membership
5.9 PUBLIC AWARENESS PROGRAMMES
5.9.1 Types of mediums used
5.10.1 Investment programmes
5.11 EXTENDING SOCIAL SECURITY TO THE INFORMAL SECTOR
5.12 FINDINGS FROM LABOUR
5.12.1 Establishment of NSSA
5.12.2 Policy effectiveness
5.12.3 Membership trends
5.12.4 Transparency and credibility
5.13 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER SIX : SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 SYNOPSIS OF PREVIOUS CHAPTERS
6.3 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.4 CONCLUSION
6.5 ISSUES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEXURE 1
ANNEXURE 2
ANNEXURE 3
ANNEXURE 4