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Table of contents
Chapter 1 General Introduction
Camelids: the other non-cattle dairy species of arid and semiarid rangelands
Camel milk as a source of health promoting compounds
The protein fractions of camel milk
Caseins
Whey proteins
Milk fat globule membrane proteins
Factors responsible for the molecular complexity of milk proteins
Genetic variants
Alternative splicing
Post-translational modifications – Phosphorylation
Extracellular vesicles
Aim and outline of this study
Chapter 2 Combining different proteomic approaches to resolve complexity of the milk protein fraction of dromedary, Bactrian camels and hybrids, from different regions of Kazakhstan
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Total protein content
Identification of main milk proteins from 1D SDS-PAGE by LC-MS/MS
Qualitative proteome of camel skimmed milk by LC-MS/MS
Camel milk protein profiling by LC-ESI-MS
Multiple spliced variants of CSN1S1
Discussion
Interspecies in-depth proteomic analysis of camel milk proteins
Molecular diversity of camel caseins: genetic polymorphism and alternative splicing
Post-translational modifications of milk proteins: phosphorylation of caseins
Conclusions
Chapter 3 Alternative splicing events expand molecular diversity of camel CSN1S2 increasing its ability to generate potentially bioactive peptides
Abstract
Introduction
What gene(s) UP1 and UP2 arise from?
UP1 and UP2: new camel αs2-CN splicing variants
Cross-species comparison of the gene encoding αs2-CN and primary transcript maturation
Phosphorylation level enhances camel αs2-CN isoform complexity
Alternate splicing isoforms of camel αs2-CN increase its ability to generate potential bioactive peptides
Chapter 4 The main WAP isoform usually found in camel milk arises from the usage of an improbable intron cryptic splice site in the precursor to mRNA in which a GC-AG intron occurs
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Nucleotide sequence of camel WAP cDNA
Identification and characterization of a new WAP genetic variant in Bactrian camel milk
Camel WAP may exist as two isoforms differing in size
Discussion
Camel WAP is phosphorylated
The usage of an unlikely intron cryptic splice site is responsible for the insertion of 4 amino acid residues in the major camel WAP isoform
Intron 3 of camel WAP gene is a GC-AG intron type
Conclusions
Chapter 5 Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis of Camel Milk-derived Extracellular Vesicles
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and Discussion
Isolation of camel milk-derived EVs
Morphology of isolated camel milk-derived EVs
In-depth proteomic analysis of camel milk-derived EVs
Exosomes are a rich source of potential milk biomarkers
Conclusions
Chapter 6 General Discussion
Global analysis: complexity of the camel milk proteome
Complexity of the « casein » fraction: the case of αs2-CN and potential impact in terms of function
WAP: originality of the protein and of the gene
EVs: Beyond their role in the communication between cells, what possible effects on the consumer (offspring or adult)
What should be implemented now?
Acknowledgements
Curriculum vitae
Résumés
