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Table of contents
Chapter I: Introduction – Context and objectives
I.1. Physical geography of the South China Sea
I.2. Atmospheric forcing
I.2.1. The monsoon wind system
I.2.2. Atmospheric heat and freshwater fluxes
I.2.3. Tropical cyclones
I.2.4. Climate phenomena
I.3. River discharges
I.4. Ocean dynamics characteristics
I.4.1. SCS circulation
I.4.2. The South China Sea Throughflow (SCSTF)
I.4.3. Thermohaline structure
I.4.4. Tides
I.5. Biogeochemistry and pelagic ecosystem of the SCS
I.6. Scientific questions and objectives of the thesis
Chapter II: Material & Methods
II.1. The hydrodynamic ocean model SYMPHONIE
II.1.1. The governing equation
II.1.2. Turbulence closure scheme
II.1.3. Boundary conditions
II.1.4. Discretization of equations
II.2. The South China Sea configuration
II.3. Observation data for model evaluation
II.3.1. Satellite observations
II.3.2. In – situ observations
II.3.3. Climate indices
II.4. Analysis and statistical methods
II.4.1. Flux and budget calculations
II.4.2. Statistical methods
Chapter III: Model evaluation
III.1. Surface characteristics
III.1.1. Annual cycle
III.1.2. Interannual variations
III.1.3 Spatial seasonal surface patterns
III.2. Water masses characteristics
III.2.1. Comparison with Argo, glider and in situ profiles
III.2.2. Representation of SCS water masses
Chapter IV: Climatological average and seasonal cycle of water, heat and salt budgets
IV.1. Volume fluxes
IV.1.1. Lateral fluxes through the interocean straits
IV.1.2 Contributions of atmospheric, river and lateral water fluxes to the SCS budget
IV.2 Heat fluxes
IV.2.1 Lateral heat fluxes at interocean straits
IV.2.2. Atmospheric, river and lateral heat fluxes
IV.3. Salt fluxes
IV.4. Vertical structure of strait fluxes
IV.5. Summary and discussion
Chapter V: Interannual variability of the water, heat and salt budgets
V.1. Interocean straits fluxes
V.2. Interannual variability of water, heat and salt budgets over the SCS
V.2.1. Water budget
V.2.2. Heat Budget
V.2.3. Salt budget
V.4. ENSO/ PDO
V.5. Discussion and conclusion
Chapter VI: Conclusion & Perspectives
VI.1. Conclusion
VI.1.1. Numerical methods and model evaluation
VI.1.2. Water, heat and salt fluxes and budgets: climatological averages
VI.1.3. Water, heat and salt budgets: seasonal cycle
VI.1.4. Water, heat and salt budgets: interannual variability
VI.2. Limitations and Perspectives
VI.2.1. Long-term in-situ measurements
VI.2.2. Sensitivity studies
VI.2.3 Studies of other temporal scales and regions
VI.2.4. Impact on ecosystems: coupled physical/biogeochemical model studies
Conclusion Générale
Appendix
A.1. The biogeochemical model (Eco3M-S)
A.2. The implementation of the Eco3M-S model on the SCS basin
A.3. Case study 2016 – 2017
A.4. Discussions & Conclusions
References
