X-ray diffraction method

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Table of contents

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. CI Chondrite: a primitive Earth proxy
1.2. Structure of the Earth
1.3. Mantle Heterogeneities
1.3.1. Seismic anomalies in the upper mantle
a. Melting curves of the upper mantle/transition zone
b. Effect of volatiles on melting curves
c. Melting in the early Earth’s mantle
d. Aim of this study
1.3.2. Ultra-low velocity zones at the CMB
2. METHODS
2.1. Sample preparation
2.2. Multi Anvil Experiments
2.2.1. Electrical conductivity experiments
a. High-pressure assembly
b. Temperature gradient
c. In situ impedance spectroscopy method
d. Electrical conductivity measurements
2.2.2. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments
a. High-pressure assembly used for X-ray diffraction
b. X-ray diffraction method
c. Crystallization in subsolidus conditions
2.3. Diamond anvil cell (DAC)
2.3.1. High temperature in the DAC
2.3.2. In situ synchrotron X-Ray diffraction
2.4. Analytical techniques
2.4.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy
a. Textural and semi-quantitative analysis
2.4.2. Determination of the water contents
2.5. Cryoscopic relation
3. RESULTS
3.1. Implications of a low solidus melting-temperature for the history of the Earth’s upper mantle
3.1.1. Electrical conductivity measurements
3.1.2. X-ray diffraction measurements
3.1.3. The revisited solidus temperature: comparison with previous studies
3.1.4. Determination of the degree of partial melting in previous experiments
3.1.5. Implications for the presence of water in the upper mantle today
3.1.6. Implications for state and dynamics of the early upper mantle
3.1.7. Implications for Magma Ocean crystallization
3.2. Melting of subducted basalt at the core-mantle boundary (CMB)
4. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES