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Table of contents
Introduction
1. STATE OF ART
1.1 Genetic Model of Deposits Associated with Veins-Stockworks
1.2 W-Sn- (Cu) Panasqueira Deposit
1.3 Common Types of Fluids Characterizing Transport and Deposition of W: Fluid Inclusions Data
2. SET OF ISSUES AND SUBJECT OF THE THESIS
3. OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.1 Geological Part- Data Collection
4.2 Geochemical Collection Data
Major elements conditions
Trace, Rare Earth elements
Dating
Fluid Inclusions
4.3 Experimental Part- Dataset
5. MANUSCRIPT ORGANIZATION
Part One
First Depositional Stage
Paragenetic succession at Panasqueira
General characteristics of the paragenetic succession
At the pillar scale
Later stages
At the sample scale
Revised Panasqueira paragenetic chart
Li-Fe-muscovite
Arsenopyrite
Topaz
Phosphates
Siderite
CHAPTER ONE INCIPIENT DEPOSITION STAGE OF WOLFRAMITE: W-RUTILE AND TOURMALINE CHEMISTRY AS PROXIES FOR EARLY FLUIDS AT PANASQUEIRA (PORTUGAL)
Abstract
Introduction
Regional background
Geological setting and previous work
Samples and methods
Results
Petrography of the tourmalinized wallrocks
Tourmaline textures
Rutile textures
Tourmaline chemical composition
Rutile chemical composition:
Dating
Discussion
Age of the early hydrothermal stage
Tourmaline evidence for the involvement of two fluids
The boron problem and the feasibility of a magmatic source of fluids
Metasedimentary source(s) of the fluids: the contribution of REE data
Contrasted compositions of F1 and F2 end-members
Rutile evidence for short term fluid dynamics and mixing
Proposed conceptual model
Conclusions
CHAPTER TWO RUTILE FROM PANASQUEIRA (CENTRAL PORTUGAL): AN EXCELLENT PATHFINDER FOR WOLFRAMITE DEPOSITION
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Material and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Petrography
4.2. Rutile Chemical Composition
5. Interpretation
5.1. Crystal Chemistry
5.2. Compositional Zoning: Sector Zoning
5.3. Compositional Zoning: Oscillatory Zoning
6. Discussion
6.1. Oscillatory Zoning: External or Internal Control?
6.2. Open or Closed System Evolution?
6.3. Oscillatory Zoning as a Consequence of Seismic Activity?
6.4. Nature of the Fluid(s)
7. Conclusions
Part Two
Panasqueira Chemical Fluid Evolution
CHAPTER THREE FLUID EVOLUTION IN THE PANASQUEIRA DEPOSIT: THE ROLE OF EXHUMATION AND MULITPLE FLUID PULSES IN THE TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION OF W-Sn-Cu
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methods
Paragenetic associations
Fluid inclusions
3 Paragenetic succession at Panasqueira
General characteristics of the paragenetic succession
Revised Panasqueira paragenetic chart
4 Fluid inclusions results
Fluid characterization
5 Bulk chemical evolution
6 P-T estimation
Thermal gradients and proximity to magma intrusions: the convective fluid system
Long-lived hydrothermal systems likely related to multiple intrusions
7 Conclusions
Part Three
Experimental Part On W-Beahviour
CHAPTER FOUR TUNGSTEN (VI) SPECIATION IN HYDROTHERMAL SOLUTION UP TO 400°C AS REVEALED BY INSITU RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Experiments
2.2 Spectroscopic cell and Raman data acquisition
2.3 Fitting procedure of Raman spectra
3 Results
3.1 Effect of temperature and pH on W speciation
3.2. Stability and reversible formation of W-species
3.3. Effect of carbonate and chloride
4 Discussion
4.1. Identification of W-species
4.2. Tungsten speciation
4.3. Geological implications
5. Conclusion
