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Table of contents
1.1 Scope of the study
1.1.1 The European Raw Material Initiative
1.1.2 CRMs (LREE, Nb-Ta, W) and Sn consumption
1.1.3 The STOICISM project
1.2 Geological background
1.2.1 The Cornubian Sn-W province
1.2.2 The St Austell rare-metal granite
1.2.3 Similarities with granites-based kaolin deposits worldwide
1.3 Kaolin from St Austell
1.3.1 St Austell Kaolin deposits
1.3.2 Kaolin extraction
1.3.3 Kaolin dry mining processing
1.3.4 Waste management
1.4 Literature review
1.4.1 CRMs (LREE, Nb-Ta, W) and Sn as by-products
1.4.2 CRM-bearing minerals processing overview
1.4.3 Gravity concentration
1.4.4 By-product recovery of CRMs and Sn from kaolin production
1.5 Study objectives
1.5.1 Scientific objectives
1.5.2 Industrial challenge
2.1 Materials sampling and sample preparation
2.1.1 Waste streams sampling for waste selection and characterisation
2.1.2 Micaceous residue sampling for metallurgical testing and variographic analysis
2.2 Chemical analysis
2.2.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis
2.2.2 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis
2.3 Material Characterisation
2.3.1 Particle size analysis
2.3.2 Heavy medium separation
2.4 Mineral Characterisation
2.4.1 X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
2.4.2 Zeta potential
2.4.3 Scanning electron microscopy
2.4.4 Electron microprobe analysis
2.5 Mineral processing
2.5.1 Sample pre-treatment
2.5.2 Gravity processing
2.5.3 Jar-tests
2.5.4 Froth flotation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Selection and characterisation of the valuable stream from WADM plant
3.3 Comparison with other locations
3.4 Conclusion
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Theory of Sampling
4.1.2 Classical variographic approach
4.1.3 On the multivariate aspects of heterogeneity
4.1.4 Application of multivariate variograms to process sampling
4.2 Materials and methods
4.2.1 Material sampling
4.2.2 Sample preparation
4.2.3 Chemical analysis
4.2.4 Particle size analysis
4.3 Results
4.3.1 Experimental individual variograms
4.3.2 Variograms on PCA scores
4.3.3 Multivariogram
4.4 Discussion
4.5 Conclusion
5.1 Gravity processing of the micaceous residue
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Materials and methods
5.1.3 Results
5.1.4 Conclusion
5.2 Modelling heavy and gangue mineral size recovery curves in spiral concentration
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Materials and methods
5.2.3 Results
5.2.4 Discussion
5.2.5 Conclusion
