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Table of contents
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: THE MAIN LOOP THROUGH THE CEREBELLAR NUCLEI: PRINCIPAL NEURONS AND MOTOR CONTROL
1.1. SEGMENTATION AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CEREBELLUM
1.1.1. Cerebellar cortex
1.1.2. Cerebellar nuclei
1.2. SENSORI-MOTOR CIRCUITRY IN THE CEREBELLUM: MOSSY FIBERS SYSTEM AS EXTRACEREBELLAR INPUTS – CEREBELLAR
NUCLEI AS FINAL CEREBELLAR OUTPUT
1.2.1. Mossy fibers system: sensori-motor inputs
1.2.1.1. Topography and somatotopy in the cerebellar cortex
1.2.1.2. Mossy fibers innervation of the cerebellar nuclei
1.2.2. The cerebellar nuclei: the cerebellar output to control motor function
1.3. CN PRINCIPAL NEURONS: A KEY SYNAPTIC INTEGRATOR FOR THE MOTOR FUNCTION
1.3.1. Synaptic inputs in principal neurons: Excitation versus Inhibition
1.3.1.1. Excitatory inputs
1.3.1.2. Purkinje cell inhibitory inputs
1.3.1.3. Sequential integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs
1.3.2. Principal neurons excitability and their electrophysiological properties
1.3.2.1. Spontaneous firing
1.3.2.2. Characteristics of the rebound discharge
1.3.2.3. Does the rebound discharge exist in vivo?
1.3.3. Principal neuron output activity: Rate coding versus temporal coding
CHAPTER 2: THE OLIVO-CORTICO-NUCLEAR LOOP
2.1. INFERIOR OLIVE PROJECTION TO THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX
2.1.1. Olivo-cortical innervation
2.1.1.1. One-to-one innervation of the Purkinje cells
2.1.1.2. Climbing fiber input elicit complex spike
2.1.2. Parasagittal segmentation of the climbing fibers inputs
2.2. THE CEREBELLO-OLIVARY FEEDBACK LOOP
2.2.1. The nucleo-olivary cells
2.2.2. Cerebellar control of the inferior olive activity
2.2.2.1. Structural organization of the inferior olive: electrotonic coupling and subthreshold oscillations
2.2.2.2. Inhibitory action of the nucleo-olivary neurons on the inferior olive physiology
2.3. MODULAR ORGANIZATION OF THE OLIVO-CORTICO-NUCLEAR SYSTEM
2.3.1. Olivary-nuclear innervation
2.3.2. The olivo-cerebellar module
2.3.2.1. The olivo-cerebellar module: a functional unit to control movement?
2.3.2.2. Mossy fibers inputs with respect to the cerebellar modules
2.3.3. Functional impact of the modular organization of the olivo-cerebellar system
2.3.3.1. Nuclear neurons activity within the modules
2.3.3.2. Homeostasis of the olivary, cortical and nuclear activities in the cerebellar feedback loops
2.4. CLIMBING FIBERS GIVE INSTRUCTIONS: SUPERVISED LEARNING IN THE CEREBELLUM
2.4.1. Synaptic plasticity and error signaling in the cerebellar cortex by climbing fiber inputs
2.4.2. Synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar nuclei: another degree of freedom for olivo-cerebellar mediated motor learning? . 34
CHAPTER 3: INHIBITORY NEURONS OF THE CEREBELLAR NUCLEI, A THIRD NUCLEAR CIRCUIT
3.1. INHIBITORY NEURONS OF THE CEREBELLAR NUCLEI: A HETEROGENEOUS POPULATION
3.1.1. Evidence for the presence of a third nuclear cell type and the question of their neurotransmitter contents
3.1.2. Electrophysiological properties of the glycinergic neurons
3.2. EVIDENCE FOR NON-PURKINJE CELLS INHIBITORY TRANSMISSION IN THE PRINCIPAL NEURONS
3.2.1. GABAA and glycine receptors: common features and specific characteristics
3.2.2. Interaction between GABAergic and glycinergic transmission: the case of mixed transmission
3.2.3. Searching for a glycinergic component of synaptic transmission in the cerebellar nuclei
3.3. CEREBELLAR NUCLEO-CORTICAL PATHWAY: ANOTHER FEEDBACK FOR FINE MODULATION OF PRINCIPAL NEURON ACTIVITY
3.3.1. The nucleo-cortical pathway: a forgotten feedback loop
3.3.2. Cell type identity of the nucleo-cortical neurons: a role for the inhibitory neurons
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
CHAPTER 4: DIFFERENTIAL GABAERGIC AND GLYCINERGIC INPUTS OF INHIBITORY INTERNEURONS AND PURKINJE CELLS TO PRINCIPAL NEURONS OF THE CEREBELLAR NUCLEI
4.1. ARTICLE
4.2. SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
4.2.1. Transient expression of GlyT2 in nucleo-olivary neurons
4.2.2. Extracellular recordings of the GlyT2-expressing interneurons
4.3. CONCLUDING REMARKS
CHAPTER 5: BEYOND PRINCIPAL CELLS: THE EXTENDED CONNECTIVITY OF THE INHIBITORY GLYCINERGIC NEURONS OF THE CEREBELLAR NUCLEI
5.1. INTRA-CEREBELLAR OUTPUT OF THE CEREBELLAR NUCLEI: THE INHIBITORY NUCLEO-CORTICAL PATHWAY
5.2. INPUTS TO INHIBITORY NEURONS OF THE CEREBELLAR NUCLEI
5.2.1. Purkinje cells inputs onto inhibitory neurons
5.2.2. Excitatory inputs onto glycinergic neurons
5.2.3. Excitatory inputs onto the principal neurons: mossy fiber versus climbing fiber inputs
5.3. CONCLUDING REMARKS
DISCUSSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
