BILATERAL MILITARY CO-OPERATION BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICA AND THE MERCOSUR COUNTRIES

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Prior to 1990 – the year in which a new and inclusive political dispensation was introduced in the country – South Africa’s security considerations were largely determined by both the manoeuvrings of the Cold War superpowers (the United States of America and the former Soviet Union) and the threats posed by the neighbouring countries. Because of its unacceptable racial and political policies, South Africa acquired a pariah status, thus resulting in limited membership of international organisations, and bilateral agreements proved difficult to conclude.

PROBLEM POSTULATION

This study identifies the following factors which contribute towards the propositions listed below:
• South Africa had a significant strategic value to the countries that now constitute Mercosur during the period starting in 1980. This date (1980) is selected, mainly because it was only after this period that new regional security challenges (such as during the Falklands War of 1982), especially in the military sphere, occurred, which could have had direct security implications for South Africa.
• The end of military dictatorships in the Mercosur countries and apartheid in South Africa, which paved the way for the ushering in of democracy on both shores of the Atlantic Ocean, signalled commonalities that could be exploited for mutual benefit. This is particularly important in the security arena.

METHODOLOGY

In analysing South Africa’s security relations with the Mercosur countries, an eclectic approach, including description and analysis will be applied. A comprehensive literature survey, which will include material originating from these countries, forms a major part of the sources for the study. Challenges associated with linguistic limitations were envisaged, but alternative mechanisms to deal with them were found. These mechanisms included the use of translation facilities, especially at universities, and also attempting to secure the co-operation of embassies to translate some of the material, which might be in the language of their country.

INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION

The imperatives or incentives for states to co-operate are diverse and numerous. In addition to that, it is such incentives or motives which dictate the nature and form such co-operation has to adopt and, most importantly, the level of commitment among the party states.

INTRODUCTION
1. Objectives of the Study
2. Problem Postulation
3. Methodology
4. Demarcation
CHAPTER ONE: SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
1. Introduction
2. International Co-operation
2.1 Imperatives and Motivations for Co-operation
2.2 Forms of Co-operation
2.2.1 Setting Standards
2.2.2 Obligations
2.2.3 Allocations
2.2.4 Prohibitions
3. Conceptual Analysis of Security
3.1 Security: A Common Understanding
3.2 Changing Nature and Focus of Security
4. National Security
4.1 National Security: A Common Understanding
4.1.1 Classical View of National Security
4.1.2 Modern View of National Security
4.2 Focus of National Security: Internal and External Dimensions
4.3 Human Security
4.4 Threats to National Security
4.4.1 Military Threats
4.4.2 Political Threats
4.4.3 Environmental Threats
4.4.4 Economic Threats
4.4.4.1 Economic Facets of National Security
4.4.4.2 Use of Economic Resources for Military Security
4.4.4.3 Use of Military Resources for Economic Security
5. International and Regional Security
5.1 Collective Security
5.2 Collective Defence
5.3 Concert Security
5.4 Common Security
5.5 Comprehensive and Co-operative Security
6. Global Security
7. The Security Pyramid
8. Conclusion
References and Notes
CHAPTER TWO: THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF MERCOSUR
1. Introduction
2. Factors Necessitating the Establishment of Mercosur
2.1 Military Developmentalism Doctrine
2.2 Proliferation of Regional Organisations
2.3 Conflict Potential
2.4 Democratisation Process
2.5 Globalisation
3. The Establishment of Mercosur
4. ‘Open Regionalism’ Concept
5. Defining the Mercosur Group
6. Mercosur’s Institutional Framework and Functions
7. The Performance of the Mercosur Group
8. Conclusion References and Notes
CHAPTER THREE: SOUTH AFRICA, SADC AND MERCOSUR: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND SECURITY
1. Introduction
2. South-South Relations
3. South Africa’s Socio-Economic Relations with the Mercosur Countries and Security Implications
3.1 South Africa’s Official Views on Co-operation with South American Countries Prior to 1994
3.2 The End of South Africa’s Pariah Status and the Beginning of aNew Era
3.3 Relations with Individual Countries
3.3.1 Argentina
3.3.2 Brazil
3.3.2.1 Historical Development of Relations
3.3.2.2 Current Relations
3.3.3 Paraguay
3.3.4 Uruguay
3.3.5 Bolivia and Chile
4. Inter-Regional Co-operation: Mercosur and SADC
4.1 The Debate on South Africa’s Strategic Orientation
4.2 Mercosur and SADC: A Comparative Perspective
4.3 Challenges and Prospects for Inter-Regional Co-operation
5. Drug-trafficking Across the South Atlantic Ocean
6. Some Broad Security Implications
7. Conclusion
References
CHAPTER FOUR: BILATERAL MILITARY CO-OPERATION BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICA AND THE MERCOSUR COUNTRIES
1. Introduction
2. Historical Military Relations
2.1 Argentina
2.1.1 Pre-1994 Argentine-South Africa Military Relations
2.1.2 Post-1994 Argentine-South Africa Military Relations
2.1.2.1 Military Representation
2.1.2.2 Military Visits
2.1.2.3 Military Training
2.2 Brazil
2.2.1 Pre-1994 Brazil-South Africa Military Relations
2.2.2 Post-1994 Brazil-South Africa Military Relations
2.2.2.1 Military Representation
2.2.2.2 Military Visits
2.2.2.3 Military Training
2.2.2.4 Military Agreements
2.2.2.5 Co-operation Between the Defence-related Industries
2.3 Paraguay
2.3.1 Pre-1994 Paraguay-South Africa Military Relations
2.3.2 Post-1994 Paraguay-South Africa Military Relations
2.4 Uruguay
2.4.1 Pre-1994 Uruguay-South Africa Military Relations
2.4.2 Post-1994 Uruguay-South Africa Military Relations
2.5 Bolivia
2.6 Chile
2.6.1 Pre-1994 Chile-South Africa Military Relations
2.6.2 Post-1994 Chile-South Africa Military Relations
2.6.2.1 Military Representation
2.6.2.2 Military Visits
2.6.2.3 Military Training
2.6.2.4 Mutual Agreements and Defence Industry Co-operation
3. The Nature of Military Capabilities of South Africa and the Mercosur Countries
4. Conclusion
CHAPTER FIVE: MULTILATERAL MILITARY CO-OPERATION IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC REGION
1. Introduction
2. Defining the South Atlantic Region
3. Inter-American Security System
4. Southern Cross Alliance 195
5. The South Atlantic Treaty Organisation
6. Zone of Peace and Co-operation in the South Atlantic (ZPCSA)
6.1 The ZPCSA as a New Alternative
6.2 Denuclearisation
6.3 South Africa and the ZPCSA
6.4 The Naval Military Potential of the ZPCSA
6.5 A South Atlantic Rim Association
6.6 Joint Military Exercises
6.6.1 Exercise ATLASUR
6.6.2 Exercise UNITAS
6.6.3 Exercise TRANSOCEANIC
6.7 Prospects and Challenges of the ZPCSA
7. Conclusion
CHAPTER SIX: EVALUATION
1. Summary
1.1 Security: A Conceptual Framework 229
1.2 Historical Development and Structure of Mercosur 231
1.3 Socio-Economic Co-operation and Security 234
1.4 Bilateral Military Co-operation Between South Africa and the Mercosur Countries
1.5 Multilateral Security Co-operation in the South Atlantic Region
2. Assessment
3. Research Findings and Testing of Propositions
4. Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography

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