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Symptoms
The term anthracnose is derived from Latin language (anthrax = carbon= black) and refers to blackening diseases of foliage, stems or fruits that typically appear as dark-colored spots or sunken lesions with slightly raised rim (Agrios, 2005). These symptoms have been described from various tropical perennial and other cash crops (Waller, 1992).
On cashew, anthracnose (C. gloeosporioides) occurs in all aerial parts of a cashew tree (Ponte, 1984). However, the symptoms are more commonly observed on the leaves (Freire and Cardoso, 2002). Early symptoms are pale, developing into a reddish–brown, shiny and water soaked or oily irregular lesions sometimes with resin exudations (Ohler, 1979; Milheiro and Evaristo, 1994; Cardoso and Freire, 2003). The lesions are variable in size and may occur anywhere on the leaf limb, apex or edges (Ponte, 1984).
When the infection is severe, multiple individual spots may expand and coalesce to one another covering more than a half of the leaf from the apex downwards (Cardoso and Freire, 2002; Ponte, 1984). Once affected, tender tissues may cause irregular growth or crinkling, followed by a dry up and fall off with appearance of blight (Ponte, 1984; Ikisan, 2000).
Sometimes, because the expansion of the lesions are delimited by mature tissues, with age, they simply crack and leaving a hole on the leaf limb (Ponte, 1984; Cardoso and Freire, 2002). Characteristic acervuli of the fungus are massive and frequently formed on the adaxial and rarely on the abaxial necrotic leaf surface (Freire and Cardoso, 2003). The acervuli can be observed as small and elevated black dots on the leaf surface (Ponte, 1984). From these, numerous conidia are released by eruption (Freire and Cardoso, 2002).
CHAPTER ONE : GENERAL INTRODUCTION
References .
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. The cashew crop .
2.2. The disease
2.3. Conclusions
References
CHAPTER THREE: PREVALENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF ANTHRACNOSE (COLLETOTRICHUM GLOEOSPORIOIDES PENZ.) ON CASHEW NURSERIES IN MOZAMBIQUE
3.1. Abstract .
3.2. Introduction
3.3. Material and Methods
3.4. Results .
3.5. General discussion
References
CHAPTER FOUR: LEAF AND FRUIT DISEASES OF CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.) IN MOZAMBIQUE
4.1. Abstract
4.2. Introduction
4.3. Material and methods
4.4. Results
4.5. General discussion
References .
CHAPTER FIVE: EFFECT OF SEEDLING AGE AND DENSITY ON DEVELOPMENT OF CASHEW ANTHRACNOSE LEAF SYMPTOMS
5.1. Abstract
5.2. Introduction
5.3. Material and methods
5.4. Results
5.5. Discussion
References
CHAPTER SIX: FREQUENCY OF HEXACONAZOLE APPLICATIONS FOR CASHEW ANTHRACNOSE AND POWDERY MILDEW DISEASE CONTROL IN MOZAMBIQUE
CHAPTER SEVEN: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCIDENCE AND SEVERIT OF CASHEW ANTHRACNOSE (COLLETOTRICHUM GLOEOSPORIOIDES) IN MOZAMBIQUE
CHAPTER EIGHT: SEARCH FOR ANTHRACNOSE RESISTANT CASHEW CULTIVARS IN MOZAMBIQUE
CHAPTER NINE: FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
