Project topics and materials
Get Complete Project Material File(s) Now! »
CHAPTER 2 THE LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
As stated in the introduction chapter the purpose of this study was to equip urban and peri-urban EcoHealth markers with skills and knowledge requirements to ensure the sustainability to be gained through the integration with urban health extension workers and vegetable growers cooperatives.
A literature review was carried out to assist researchers to understand, consolidate and extend their knowledge of the phenomenon under study (Ethiopian Public Health Association 2009:7). To comply with this recommendation therefore, literatures which comprising theoretical concepts and references relating to the purpose of the study were reviewed in this section and organized as follows. The selection first discussed the environment/ecology components and EcoHhealth markers; the global and urban contexts. These followed by discussion on the different health promotion theories/models and last discussed the development of environmental health services in Ethiopia (the study country) including environmental health regulations and their application indorsed by the central government and regional states.
ENVIRONMENT
Environment is a complex system that comprises physical, chemical, biological, social and cultural elements and all these elements are interlinked. All major components of the environment, namely, air, water, land, energy, and living things, including humans, are interacting and inter-connected in many ways. As described in the following sections, human beings constitute an important factor which affects the environment (Dave & Katewa 2008: 2; Savalia 2007).
Physical environment
Living things are dependent upon their physical environment: land, water, air and energy, for their existence. As illustrated in Table 2.1, the ecosystemic services include provision of food, fresh water, fuel wood, biochemical and fibre. An ecosystem also consists of a regulating climate, diseases, detoxification and flooding through the eco systemic process (Odum & Warrett 2005:5; Ruth & Gasper 2007; Savalia 2007).
In developing countries, industrialisation often leads to water and air pollution. The water resources become polluted due to the discharge of untreated or partially treated wastes from industry (Savalia 2007). Domestic sewage, fertiliser and pesticide run off from agricultural fields, causing damage to the elements necessary for ecosystem services (Savalia 2007; Drechsel, Scott, Sally, Redwood, & Bahri, 2010 2010). These are the reasons why environment and development need to be linked in a comprehensive framework to allow healthy economic growth and prosperity without causing damage to the environment (Clayton & Bass 2009; Savalia 2007; Pandey 2008:65, Parkes, Morrison, Bunch & Venema 2008; Savalia 2007).
Climate changes
Deviations from average weather patterns have been observed globally, most often involving hotter high and low temperature extremes and more frequent droughts and natural disasters (Chatham 2010; Organisation for Economic Development [OECD] 2008). Mean precipitation increases are variable, with general summer and winter increases in the tropics, eastern North America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia, while summer decreases have been documented in mid-latitude regions. Precipitation has generally occurred, and is predicted to occur continuously, in short periods and interrupted by more intense and sudden events such as seasonal droughts (OECD 2008). Ruth and Gasper (cited in OECD 2008, maintain that, unlike previous times, the comparison of historical records provides evidence that bad weather events and natural disasters are occurring more frequently and intensely than expected (Ruth & Gasper 2008). As global temperatures continue to increase, these extreme events are predicted to occur more often and with greater severity (Chaoul & Robert 2009; OECD 2008).
Rising water levels and storm surges are known to cause damage to residential properties, displacement of people in the area, discontinuation of transportation mechanisms and wetland loss. Indeed, rising sea levels are known to cause concerns and are already a nuisance to coastal communities globally. Raised sea levels and associated impacts are estimated to impact five times as many residents by the 2080s as they did in 1990 (Cooper, Beevers & Oppenheimer 2008; OECD 2008). Projected rise in sea levels is associated with significant loss of land in coastal regions (Chaoul & Robert 2009).
Climate change will affect health via a range of mechanisms including changes in vector-borne disease transmission, increased risk of disasters (floods, landslides, droughts) and increased malnutrition due to declining food yields. It has the potential to increase diarrheal diseases from contamination of water supplies. Malaria, and diarrheal diseases also have strong seasonal and inter-annual patterns that can be related to climate variability (Bird, Marcus & Hugh 2010; Dodman 2009; Kovats & Simon 2009).
Evidence depicts differences in disease patterns in various countries, and even change from district to district within the same country can be explained, in part, by different climate exposures (e.g. Sudan, Mozambique) (Multinomha 2008).
Social environment
Among the several social needs required for good health and better quality of life are proper housing, quality education, access to parks and nature, access to affordable healthy foods, and neighbourhoods that promote physical activity (Multnomah, 2008; Savalia 2007). The Ottawa Charter states, “The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity” (Asian Pacific Ecohealth 2007:13; WHO 2007). This implies the recognition that those factors at environmental and societal levels, combined with personal attributes, lead to poor population health and also affect the health experience of individuals and communities. For example, the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS has deep roots within the socioeconomic situation (Mahiteme 2005; Pradhan, Sundar & Singh 2006). Furthermore, the global obesity epidemic is a health outcome that is a consequence of changes in a constellation of, and interaction between, environmental, social and economic factors that form a complex system. See Figure 2.1 (Asian Pacific Ecohealth 2007).
CHAPTER 1 ORIENTATION OF THE STUDY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT .
1.3 Research Purpose
1.4 Research Objectives
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.6 DEFINITION OF KEY CONCEPTS
1.7 FOUNDATION OF THE STUDY
1.8 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD
1.9 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.10 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 2 THE LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.2 ENVIRONMENT
2.3 ECOHEALTH
2.4 HEALTH PROMOTION AND ECOHEALTH APPROACH
2.5 THE CONTEXT OF THE STUDY AREA
2.6 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.3 RESEARCH METHOD
3.4 QUANTITATIVE METHOD
3.5 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL VALIDITY OF THE STUDY
3.6 QUALITATIVE REASERCH DESIGN
3.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY
3.9 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 4 .ANALYSIS PRESENTATION AND DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH FINDNGS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 RESULTS PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND DESCRIPTION: QUANTITATIVE DATA SET
4.3 RESULTS PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND DESCRIPTION: QUALITATIVE METHOD
4.4 RESULTS PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DESCRIPTION: THE INTERVENTION STUDY METHOD
4.5 METHODS IDENTIFIED FOR FARM TOOLS, HARVEST AND HAND WASHES IMPLEMNTION PROGRESS
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SITUATION OF THE STUDY AREA
5.3 STAKEHOLDERS’ CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH OF THE STUDY AREA
5.4 KNOWLEDGE OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH REGULATIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
5.5 INTERVENTION METHOD: BIO-SAND FILTER FOR ESTABLISHING EVIDENCE AND FOR WASHING HANDS AND HARVESTS .
5.6 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 CONCLUSIONS
6.3 Recommendations
6.4 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY
6.5 STRENGTHNING AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
6.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES .
GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT
