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Table of contents
CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1. Preface
2. The Southwestern Tropical Atlantic
3. Ecosystem Acoustic
4. Motivation and objectives
Objective 1: Characterise the 3D thermohaline structure of the SWTA in austral spring and fall by the functional statistics approach. (Chapter II)
Objective 2: Test if the variation of the thermohaline structure could be extracted from acoustic data in the SWTA. (Chapter III)
Objective 3: Investigate how environmental factors may be driving the vertical distribution of organisms in the southwestern tropical Atlantic. (Chapter IV)
CHAPTER II: 3D CHARACTERISATION OF THE THERMOHALINE STRUCTURE IN THE SOUTHWESTERN TROPICAL ATLANTIC DERIVED FROM FUNCTIONAL DATA ANALYSIS OF IN SITU PROFILES
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Defining the thermohaline structure
2.3. Functional Data Analysis (FDA)
3. Results
3.1. Merging the datasets
3.2. Typology of thermohaline patterns
3.3. 3D thermohaline patterns
4. Discussion
4.1. Thermohaline structure and associated processes
5. Conclusion
Declaration of Competing Interest
Acknowledgments
References
Supplementary material
From Chapter II to Chapter III
CHAPTER III: ON THE USE OF ACOUSTIC DATA TO CHARACTERISE THE THERMOHALINE STRATIFICATION IN A TROPICAL OCEAN
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Thermocline structure
2.3. Linking acoustic profiles to thermohaline properties
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Thermohaline limits vs. cumulative sum of the acoustic echoes
3.2. Thermohaline limits vs. acoustic backscattering gradient
3.3. Wavelet approach
4. Conclusion
References
From Chapter III to Chapter IV
CHAPTER IV: FINE-SCALE VERTICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND SOUND SCATTERING LAYERS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN TROPICAL ATLANTIC
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Data analysis
3. Results
3.1. Oceanscape
3.2. Epipelagic echoscape
3.3. Cross-correlations in the epipelagic layer
3.4. Mesopelagic echoscape
3.5. Cross-correlation in the mesopelagic layer
4. Discussion
4.1. Epipelagic layer
4.2. Mesopelagic layer
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Supplementary Material
CHAPTER V: GENERAL CONCLUSION
Objective 1: Characterise the 3D thermohaline structure of the SWTA in austral spring and fall by the functional statistics approach. (Chapter II)
Objective 2: Test if the variation of the thermohaline structure could be extracted from acoustic data in the SWTA. (Chapter III)
Objective 3: Investigate how environmental factors may be driving the vertical distribution of organisms in the southwestern tropical Atlantic. (Chapter IV)
References
