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Table of contents
General Introduction
Thesis Overview
Thesis Structure
Context
1 On the interest of ambient energy harvesting
1.1 Energy Harvesting at Microscale
1.2 Power requirement of WSNs
1.3 Ambient power sources for Energy harvesting
1.3.1 Vibration Energy Harvesting (ViEH)
1.3.2 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (PEH)
1.3.3 Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvesters
1.4 Power Management circuits for PEH
1.5 Summary
2 Electromechanical characterization of piezoelectric materials
2.1 Piezoelectric Materials
2.2 Piezoelectric constituent equations
2.3 Classification of Piezoelectric Materials:
2.4 Poling of Piezoelectric Materials
2.5 Ferroelectric Hysteresis Loop and Butterfly Loop
2.5.1 Ferroelectric Hysteresis Loop
2.5.2 Butterfly loop
2.6 Key Properties of Piezoelectric Materials
2.6.1 Piezoelectric coefficients
2.6.2 Youngs Modulus
2.6.3 Dielectric Permittivity
2.6.4 The electromechanical coupling factor, Kij
2.7 Towards Lead free Piezoelectric ceramics
2.8 Piezoresponse Force Microcopy (PFM)
2.8.1 Choice of AFM tip and operating frequency
2.8.2 Calibration of vertical deflection sensitivity
2.8.3 Measuring dij coefficients
2.9 PFM Characterization of Lithium Tantalate (LT) samples
2.9.1 On the interest of Lithium Tantalate
2.9.2 LT samples and topography
2.9.3 Domain polarization of LT samples
2.10 PFM study of Sodium Potassium Niobate (KNN) thin films
2.10.1 Introduction
2.10.2 KNN cantilever dimensions and topography
2.10.3 Piezoresponse characterization of KNN films by PFM
2.11 External Poling of KNN PTF
2.11.1 Poling process:
2.11.2 PFM study of the poled KNN PTF
2.12 PFM study of Sodium Potassium Niobate (KNN) thin films doped with Tantalum
2.12.1 Introduction
2.12.2 Piezoresponse characterization of KNNT film by PFM
2.12.3 Conclusion
2.13 PFM study of Sodium Potassium Niobate (KNN) and KNN-Ta doped (KNNT) fibres
2.13.1 Introduction
2.13.2 Experimental setup and procedure
2.13.3 Topography of KNN fibers
2.13.4 PFM study of the KNN fibres before poling
2.13.5 Radial Poling of KNN fibres
2.13.6 PFM study of KNNT (KNN doped with 10% Ta) Fibers
2.13.7 Conclusion
2.14 Comparison of the Figure of Merit of the cantilevers
2.15 Summary
3 Piezoelectric Microgenerator based on lead-free Lithium Niobate single crystal
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Microgenerator geometry and Fabrication process
3.3 Dynamic Electrical Characterization
3.4 Estimation of Mechanical Quality Factor (Qm) based on impedance curve
3.5 Electromechanical coupling coefficient (k33 and k31)
3.6 Design of Proof mass
3.7 Equivalent Circuit model of Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEH)
3.7.1 Experimental Parameter Identification
3.7.2 Analysis of the impedance of the equivalent circuit in SPICE
3.8 Estimation of the mechanical quality factor (Qm) and coupling coefficient K with proof mass
3.9 Optimal load resistance for maximum output power
3.9.1 Theoretical prediction
3.9.2 Experimental determination of optimal load
3.9.3 Optimal load by LT-SPICE
3.10 Output Voltage and RMS power of the harvester
3.11 Test Results and Analysis
3.12 Power harvesting circuit for Piezoelectric Energy Harvester
3.13 A novel three-terminal harvester concept with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for ultra-low power applications
3.13.1 Introduction
3.13.2 Theory and working principle
3.13.3 Design considerations
3.13.4 The feasibility study of 3 terminal harvester
3.13.5 Bending-Mode Resonance Frequency
3.13.6 Finite element Analysis
3.13.7 Boundary Conditions
3.13.8 Experimental results
3.13.9 Measurement of Open circuit voltage
3.13.10 Conclusion
3.14 Summary
4 Energy Autonomous Wireless Vibration Sensor based on Piezoelectric Microgenerator
4.1 Introduction
4.2 System description
4.3 Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Design
4.4 Energy Autonomous Wireless Vibration Sensor Working Principle
4.5 Experimental Results
4.6 Conclusions
Conclusion and Perspectives
References
