General mechenisms of particle involved flotation process

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Table of contents

1 General review of nanoparticle in wastewater and relative separation techniques
1.1 Sources of nanoparticles (NPs) in the aqueous environment
1.1.1 Classification of nanomaterials
1.1.2 NPs from domestic and industrial wastewater
1.1.3 NPs from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as second pollutants
1.2 Threat of NPs to human beings and the aqueous environment
1.2.1 Pathways of NP entry into living bodies via the aqueous environment
1.2.2 Hazard and toxicity of NPs
1.3 Techniques already applied in the NP wastewater treatment
1.3.1 Challenges in the NP wastewater treatment
1.3.2 Water treatment application and case study of the NP removal from aqueous body
1.4 Flotation in the NP separation from water
1.4.1 Flotation mechanisms of the NP separation by flotation
1.4.1.1 General mechenisms of particle involved flotation process
1.4.1.2 Flotation of NPs
1.4.2 Approaches of improving the NP removal efficiency in flotation
1.4.2.1 Decreasing the bubble size
1.4.2.2 Enhancing the particle-bubble interaction
1.5 Conclusions
2 Properties of NP suspensions and flotation assisting reagents
2.1 An overview of characterization techniques
2.2 TNP suspension and HA solution
2.2.1 TNPs and TNP suspension
2.2.1.1 Characterization of TNPs in the initial suspension
2.2.1.2 Colloid behaviors of TNP suspensions
2.2.2 Properties of flotation assisting reagent — HA
2.2.2.1 Preparation of HA solution
2.2.2.2 Characterization of HA and HA solution
2.3 SNP suspensions and surfactant solutions
2.3.1 SNPs and SNP suspensions
2.3.1.1 Characterization of SNPs in the inital suspension
2.3.1.2 Colloid behaviors of SNP suspensions
2.3.2 Properties of flotation assisting reagent — surfactant
2.4 Conclusion
3 DAF of TNPs with HA assistance
3.1 TNP surface modification with alkaline HA solution
3.1.1 Experimental method
3.1.2 Surface charge of TNP-HA aggregates
3.1.3 PSD pattern of TNP-HA suspension
3.1.4 FT-IR analysis
3.1.5 Residual DOC and turbidity in the TNP-HA suspension
3.1.6 Discussion of the TNP surface modification with alkaline HA solution
3.2 TNP-HA adsorption-aggregation experiments with controlling pH
3.2.1 Experimental procedure
3.2.2 Adsorption isotherms
3.2.3 Properties of HA-TNP aggregates obtained from adsorption-aggregation
3.2.3.1 Zeta potential and pH value
3.2.3.2 Aggregate size
3.2.3.3 Fractal structure
3.3 Laboratory scale continuous DAF experiments
3.3.1 Experimental device, methods and procedure
3.3.1.1 Description of laboratory scale continuous DAF apparatus
3.3.1.2 Bubble production
3.3.1.3 Capacity of the DAF system
3.3.1.4 Determination of hydraulic retention time (HRT)
3.3.1.5 Evaluation of DAF performance
3.3.2 Tentative theoretical determination of operating conditions
3.3.3 Preliminary DAF tests (using Lot #1)
3.3.4 Expanded DAF tests (using Lot #2)
3.3.4.1 DAF of TNPs with pH adjustment
3.3.4.2 DAF of TNPs with HA assistance
3.3.4.3 Discussion of flotation mechanisms
3.4 Conclusions
4 CGA-flotation of SNPs
4.1 CGA generation and characterization
4.1.1 Design of laboratory scaled CGA generator and CGA generation
4.1.2 CGA characterization
4.1.2.1 Visual observation
4.1.2.2 Stability of CGAs — half life τS
4.1.2.3 Size measurement
4.1.2.4 Zeta potential
4.2 Exploration of SNP-surfactant interaction mechanisms by adsorption-aggregation
4.2.1 Experimental method
4.2.2 Adsorption isotherms
4.2.3 Properties of SNP-surfactant aggregates
4.2.3.1 Zeta potential and pH value
4.2.3.2 Aggregate size analysis
4.2.3.3 Fractal structure
4.3 Continuous CGA-flotation separation of SNPs
4.3.1 Experimental procedure
4.3.2 Effect of surfactant concentration in the flotation cell (Csurf’)
4.3.3 Effect of SNP size
4.3.4 Effect of initial volume concentration of SNPs
4.3.5 Effect of initial pH of SNP suspension
4.4 Comparison between CGA-flotation and DAF
4.4.1 Flotation performance
4.4.2 Reduction of surfactant addition
4.4.3 Mechanism comparison between CGA-flotation and DAF
4.5 Conclusions
5 Conclusions and prospects
5.1 Summary of the present dissertation
5.2 Future work and prospects
References