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Table of contents
V1. General Introduction
1.1. Skeletal muscle structure and histology
1.1.1. Striated muscle architecture
1.1.2. Muscle cell (Myofiber)
1.1.3. Intramuscular connective tissue: epimysium, perimysium and endomysium.
1.1.4. Structural and histological alterations induced by pathology in the skeletal muscle tissue
1.2. The role of NMR in myology clinical research
1.2.1. NMR outcome measures currently available for skeletal muscle studies
1.3. Thesis overview and contributions
2. Basic Concepts of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
2.1. The spin magnetic moment and the precession equation
2.2. Magnetic polarization (Magnetization)
2.3. Magnetization excitation and the resonance phenomenon
2.4. Relaxation and the Bloch equations
2.5. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
2.6. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
2.7. Characterization of tissue NMR parameters and NMRI contrasts .
2.7.1. The spin echo
2.7.2. The gradient echo
2.7.3. Magnetization from repeated RF-pulses and the steady state
2.7.4. Diffusion effects and T2 measurement
2.8. The issue of B1 in-homogeneity in practical NMRI applications at high field
3. A Spin-echo-based Method for T2-Mapping in Fat-infiltrated Muscles
3.1. Quantitative characterization of muscle inflammation
3.2. Separation of 1H-NMR signals from lipids and water
3.2.1. Spectral fat-water separation methods
3.2.2. Relaxation-based methods for fat-water separation
3.3. Validation of an MSE-based method for quantification of muscle water T2 in fat-infiltrated skeletal muscle
3.3.1. Methodology
3.3.1.1. Data acquisition
3.3.1.2. Data treatment
3.3.2. Results
3.3.3. Discussion and Conclusions
4. A Steady-state-based Method for T2-Mapping in Fat-infiltrated Muscles
4.1. Introduction
4.1.1. Context
4.1.2. Theory
4.1.2.1. The original T2-pSSFP method
4.1.2.2. The extended T2-pSSFP method
4.2. Methodology
4.3. Results
4.4. Discussion
4.5. Conclusion
5. Significance of T2 Relaxation of 1H-NMR Signals in Human Skeletal Muscle .
5.1. Relaxation in biological tissues
5.2. Multiexponential muscle water T2-relaxation and compartmentation hypotheses
5.3. New insights on human skeletal muscle tissue compartments revealed by in vivo T2 relaxometry
5.3.1. Methodology
5.3.1.1. Data acquisition
5.3.1.2. Data treatment
5.3.2. Results
5.3.3. Discussion
5.3.4. Conclusions
5.4. Insights on the T2-relaxometry of diseased skeletal muscle tissue
5.4.1. Methodology
5.4.1.1. Simulations
5.4.1.2. In-vivo data acquisition
5.4.2. Results
5.4.3. Discussion and conclusions
6. Application of Ultra-short Time to Echo Methods to Study Short-T2-components in Skeletal Muscle Tissue
6.1. The NMR signal from connective tissues
6.2. The UTE method
6.3. Application of a 3D-UTE sequence for the detection and characterization of a short-T2-component in skeletal muscle tissue
6.3.1. Methodology
6.3.2. Results
6.3.3. Discussion
6.4. UTE applications for imaging of short-T2-components in SKM tissue .
6.5. In-vivo NMRI of short-T2-components in SKM tissue
6.5.1. Methodology
6.5.2. Results
6.5.3. Discussion and conclusions
7. Conclusions and Perspectives
